A scalable 3D electrode to serve as a lithium metal host is developed to enable stable lithium metal cycling. The electrode is simply fabricated by coating a slurry of well mixed LiNO₃, carbon black, and PVDF on the Cu foil. The pores in the electrode serve as lithium metal hosts while the LiNO₃ particles act both as a structural skeleton and an electrolyte additive. Micron-level dense Li chunks are deposited into the 3D electrode at a current density of 2 mA cm⁻². Moreover, high coulombic efficiencies of 98.4% and 97.1% are achieved in carbonate-based electrolytes at current densities of 0.25 mA cm⁻² and 2 mA cm⁻², respectively. The 3D electrode is tested in an anode free cell with LiFePO₄, which exhibits a good capacity retention of 49.1% after 100 cycles and correspond to an average efficiency of 99.3% per cycle. This work provides a facile and scalable method to fabricate multi-functional 3D electrodes for dendrite-free and high coulombic efficiency Li metal anodes.

开发了用作锂金属主体的可扩展3D电极，以实现稳定的锂金属循环。只需在铜箔上涂上充分混合的LiNO ₃，炭黑和PVDF的浆料即可制造电极。电极中的孔充当锂金属主体，而LiNO ₃颗粒既充当结构骨架又充当电解质添加剂。微米级的致密锂块以2 mA cm ^-2的电流密度沉积到3D电极中。此外，在基于碳酸盐的电解质中，电流密度分别为0.25 mA cm ^-2和2 mA cm ^-2时，实现了98.4％和97.1％的高库仑效率。使用LiFePO ₄在无阳极电池中测试3D电极，在100个循环后表现出49.1％的良好容量保持率，相当于每个循环99.3％的平均效率。这项工作提供了一种简便且可扩展的方法来制造用于无枝晶且具有高库仑效率的锂金属阳极的多功能3D电极。