Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2018-09-06 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.003
Scott A. Schneider , Akiko Okusu , Benjamin B. Normark
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The armored scale insect tribe Aspidiotini comprises many pest species that are globally invasive and economically damaging. The taxonomy of scale insects is based almost solely upon morphological characters of adult females, and little prior work has been done to test the classification of aspidiotines against molecular evidence. To address these concerns, we reconstruct a molecular phylogeny for aspidiotine armored scales that expands greatly upon taxonomic and character representations from previous studies. Our dataset includes 127 species (356 terminal taxa) and four gene regions: 28S, EF-1α, COI-COII, and CAD. Nearly 50% of the species treated are identified as pests and several more may represent emerging pests. Phylogenetic data were analyzed in a Bayesian framework using MC3 iterations. The majority of sampled aspidiotine genera are not monophyletic as currently defined. Monophyly constraints for 'worst offenders' were imposed on the phylogeny and stepping-stone MCMC was performed to calculate marginal likelihood scores. Comparisons of marginal likelihoods from runs with constrained vs. informative priors support the interpretation that pest-rich genera are not monophyletic. We use character mapping to illustrate signal and convergence for selected traits that have been used to define or recognize genera and evaluate consistency and retention indices for these traits. The phylogeny illustrates a pervasive pattern in which extremely polyphagous pests – typically having large populations and wide geographical distributions – are frequently intertwined with range-limited specialists on the phylogeny. Finally, the phylogeny recovers three origins of ant association among the Aspidiotini. The history of ant/diaspidid symbioses involves periods of sustained partner fidelity, spanning multiple speciation events, which have been punctuated by opportunistic switches to novel partners.
中文翻译:
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蚜虫装甲规模昆虫(半翅目:介齿科)的分子系统发育学揭示了猖para的附生植物,好奇的物种辐射以及与梅利索塔斯蚂蚁(膜翅目:甲虫)相关的多种起源。
装甲规模的昆虫部落Aspidiotini包含许多具有全球入侵性且对经济造成破坏的害虫。规模昆虫的分类法几乎完全基于成年雌性的形态特征,并且很少有先前的工作来针对分子证据测试天蛾类的分类。为了解决这些问题,我们为天青石装甲规模重建了一个分子系统发育学,该系统学在以前的研究的分类学和特征表征基础上得到了极大的扩展。我们的数据集包括127种(356终端类群)和四个基因区域:28S,EF-1α,COI-COII和CAD。经处理的物种中有近50%被确定为有害生物,还有更多可能代表新出现的有害生物。使用MC 3在贝叶斯框架中分析了系统发育数据迭代。目前,大多数采样的天蛾类属都不是单系的。在系统发育上强加了对“最严重犯罪者”的单方面限制,并进行了垫脚石MCMC来计算边际可能性得分。带有先验约束条件和信息先验条件的运行所产生的边际可能性的比较支持以下解释:有害生物丰富的属不是单系的。我们使用字符映射来说明选定性状的信号和收敛,这些性状已用于定义或识别属并评估这些性状的一致性和保留指数。系统发育学说明了一种普遍的模式,在这种模式中,通常具有大量种群和广泛地理分布的极端多食性害虫经常与范围有限的系统发育专家交织在一起。最后,系统发育恢复了蜘蛛蛾的蚂蚁结合的三个起源。蚂蚁/蜘蛛共生的历史涉及伙伴持续保真的时期,跨越多个物种形成事件,这些机会事件已由向新伙伴的机会性转换所打断。