The system of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR‐associated endonucleases (Cas) has been utilized for genome editing with great accuracy and high efficiency in generating gene knockout, knockin, and point mutations in eukaryotic genomes. However, traditional CRISPR/Cas9 technology introduces double‐stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) at a target locus as the first step to make gene corrections, which easily results in undesired mutations. Thus, it is necessary to develop new methods for correcting the unwanted mutations. In this review, we summarize the recent developments and a new approach to genome and base editing by using CRISPR/Cas9. This methodology renders a conversion of one target base into another, for example, C to T (or G to A), and A to G (or T to C) without producing DSBs, requiring a donor DNA template, or generating excessive insertions and deletions. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9‐derived base editing also improves efficiency in repairing point mutations in the genome.

中文翻译：

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CRISPR应用的进展：从基因到碱基编辑

簇状规则间隔的短回文重复序列（CRISPR）和CRISPR相关的内切核酸酶（Cas）已被用于基因组编辑，在真核基因组中产生基因敲除，敲入和点突变方面具有很高的准确性和效率。然而，传统的CRISPR / Cas9技术在目标基因座处引入了双链DNA断裂（DSB），作为进行基因校正的第一步，很容易导致不希望的突变。因此，有必要开发用于校正不想要的突变的新方法。在这篇综述中，我们总结了最近的发展以及通过使用CRISPR / Cas9进行基因组和碱基编辑的新方法。这种方法可以将一个目标碱基转换为另一个目标碱基，例如C到T（或G到A）和A到G（或T到C）而不会产生DSB，需要供体DNA模板，或产生过多的插入和缺失。此外，CRISPR / Cas9衍生的碱基编辑还提高了修复基因组中点突变的效率。