Electric vehicles (EVs) are the future of road transport in both Poland and the Czech Republic and offer significant potential for reducing air pollution and increasing life comfort, especially in crowded city centers. This paper presents a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of EVs in Poland and the Czech Republic, considering the life cycle from cradle to grave, with a special focus on the production of the electricity required to charge EV batteries. The analyses included the current and future energy systems (from 2015 to 2050) used to charge EV batteries in the both countries. A comparative analysis of EVs and passenger vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEVs) was carried out. In addition, the analyses considered scenarios of smart grids from which the energy for the charging of EV batteries could be supplied exclusively from renewable sources. The results showed that the environmental burden of current and future EVs is higher in Poland than in the Czech Republic for all analyzed impact categories and that this result is primarily related to the type of electricity used to charge EV batteries. The comparative analysis of EVs and ICEVs showed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel depletion in Poland and the Czech Republic, both at present and in the future, will be lower in the case of EVs than in the case of ICEVs. However, the acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity, and particulate matter formation caused by EVs are higher than those caused by ICEVs. The results showed that EVs coupled with renewable electricity sources offer the potential to reduce the negative impacts on the environment. It was concluded that the main determinant of the environmental impact of EVs is the type of electricity used to charge EV batteries. This is the first attempt at a comparative LCA of EVs in Poland and the Czech Republic. It is also the first approach that includes analyses of the LCA for both the present and future electricity production systems used for charging EV batteries.

电动汽车（EV）是波兰和捷克共和国道路交通的未来，在减少空气污染和增加生活舒适度方面具有巨大潜力，尤其是在拥挤的市中心。本文介绍了波兰和捷克共和国的电动汽车比较生命周期评估（LCA），考虑了从摇篮到坟墓的生命周期，并特别着重于为电动汽车电池充电所需的电力生产。分析包括两国当前和未来的能源系统（从2015年到2050年），用于为EV电池充电。对电动汽车和带有内燃机的乘用车（ICEV）进行了比较分析。此外，这些分析考虑了智能电网的情景，从中可以完全从可再生资源中提供用于EV电池充电的能量。结果表明，就所有分析的影响类别而言，波兰当前和未来电动汽车的环境负担都比捷克共和国高，并且该结果主要与用于给电动汽车电池充电的电力类型有关。对电动汽车和ICEV的比较分析表明，目前和将来，波兰和捷克共和国的温室气体排放量和化石燃料消耗量将低于ICEV。但是，电动汽车引起的酸化，富营养化，人体毒性和颗粒物形成要高于ICEV引起的酸化，富营养化，人体毒性和颗粒物形成。结果表明，电动汽车与可再生能源的结合提供了减少对环境负面影响的潜力。结论是，电动汽车对环境的影响的主要决定因素是用于为电动汽车电池充电的电力类型。这是波兰和捷克共和国首次尝试比较电动汽车的LCA。这也是第一种方法，该方法包括对用于电动汽车电池充电的当前和未来电力生产系统的LCA进行分析。