Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, with considerable morbidity in parts of the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia and, particularly, in sub-Saharan Africa. Infective larvae grow in an intermediate host (fresh-water snails) before penetrating the skin of the definitive human host. Mature adult worms reside in the mesenteric (Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum) or pelvic (Schistosoma haematobium) veins, where female worms lay eggs, which are secreted in stool or urine. Eggs trapped in the surrounding tissues and organs, such as the liver and bladder, cause inflammatory immune responses (including granulomas) that result in intestinal, hepato-splenic or urogenital disease. Diagnosis requires the detection of eggs in excreta or worm antigens in the serum, and sensitive, rapid, point-of-care tests for populations living in endemic areas are needed. The anti-schistosomal drug praziquantel is safe and efficacious against adult worms of all the six Schistosoma spp. infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the emergence of drug resistance is a concern. Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings.

中文翻译：

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血吸虫病。

血吸虫病（bilharzia）是由血吸虫属的寄生扁虫（血吸虫）引起的一种被忽视的热带病，在中东，南美，东南亚，特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲的部分地区发病率很高。感染性幼虫在穿透最终人类宿主的皮肤之前先在中间宿主（淡水蜗牛）中生长。成熟的成虫蠕虫驻留在肠系膜（曼氏血吸虫和日本血吸虫）或盆腔（血吸虫血脉）静脉中，雌性蠕虫在卵中产卵，这些卵在粪便或尿液中分泌。困在周围组织和器官（例如肝脏和膀胱）中的卵会引起炎症性免疫反应（包括肉芽肿），从而导致肠道，肝脾或泌尿生殖系统疾病。诊断需要检测血清中排泄物或蠕虫抗原中的卵，并且需要对流行地区的人群进行灵敏，快速的即时检测。抗血吸虫药物吡喹酮对所有六个血吸虫属的成虫均是安全有效的。感染人类；然而，它不能防止再感染，并且耐药性的出现是一个令人关注的问题。消除血吸虫病将需要采取多方面的方法，包括：治疗；蜗牛控制；信息，教育和交流；改善水，环境卫生和个人卫生；准确的诊断；以及易于适应社会生态环境的监视响应系统。抗血吸虫药物吡喹酮对所有六个血吸虫属的成虫均是安全有效的。感染人类；然而，它不能防止再感染，并且耐药性的出现是一个令人关注的问题。消除血吸虫病将需要采取多方面的方法，包括：治疗；蜗牛控制；信息，教育和交流；改善水，环境卫生和个人卫生；准确的诊断；以及易于适应社会生态环境的监视响应系统。抗血吸虫药物吡喹酮对所有六个血吸虫属的成虫均是安全有效的。感染人类；然而，它不能防止再感染，并且耐药性的出现是一个令人关注的问题。消除血吸虫病将需要采取多方面的方法，包括：治疗；蜗牛控制；信息，教育和交流；改善水，环境卫生和个人卫生；准确的诊断；以及易于适应社会生态环境的监视响应系统。改善水，环境卫生和个人卫生；准确的诊断；以及易于适应社会生态环境的监视响应系统。改善水，环境卫生和个人卫生；准确的诊断；以及易于适应社会生态环境的监视响应系统。