Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays crucial roles in sexual differentiation and gonadal functions. However, the possible extragonadal effects of AMH on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis remain unexplored. Here we demonstrate that a significant subset of GnRH neurons both in mice and humans express the AMH receptor, and that AMH potently activates the GnRH neuron firing in mice. Combining in vivo and in vitro experiments, we show that AMH increases GnRH-dependent LH pulsatility and secretion, supporting a central action of AMH on GnRH neurons. Increased LH pulsatility is an important pathophysiological feature in many cases of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common cause of female infertility, in which circulating AMH levels are also often elevated. However, the origin of this dysregulation remains unknown. Our findings raise the intriguing hypothesis that AMH-dependent regulation of GnRH release could be involved in the pathophysiology of fertility and could hold therapeutic potential for treating PCOS.

中文翻译：

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抗苗勒管激素在调节GnRH神经元兴奋性和激素分泌中的新作用。

抗苗勒管激素（AMH）在性分化和性腺功能中起关键作用。然而，AMH在下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴上可能的性腺外作用尚待探索。在这里，我们证明，在小鼠和人类中，GnRH神经元的重要子集都表达AMH受体，而AMH可以有效激活小鼠中的GnRH神经元放电。结合体内和体外实验，我们显示AMH增加了GnRH依赖的LH搏动性和分泌，支持AMH对GnRH神经元的集中作用。LH搏动性增加是多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）的许多病例的重要病理生理特征，多囊卵巢综合征是女性不育症的最常见原因，其中循环AMH水平也经常升高。但是，这种失调的起因仍然未知。