Radiotherapy has been used for more than a hundred years as a local tumor treatment. The occurrence of systemic antitumor effects manifesting as regression of tumors outside of the irradiated field (abscopal effect) was occasionally observed but deemed too rare and unpredictable to be a therapeutic goal. This has changed with the advent of immunotherapy. Remarkable systemic effects have been observed in patients receiving radiotherapy to control tumors that were progressing during immune checkpoint blockade, stimulating interest in using radiation to overcome primary and acquired cancer resistance to immunotherapy. Here, we review the immunological mechanisms that are responsible for the ability of focal radiation to promote antitumor T cell responses that mediate tumor rejection and, in some cases, result in systemic effects.

中文翻译：

---

辐射诱导的绝对效应的免疫机制

放射疗法已被用作局部肿瘤治疗已有一百多年的历史了。偶尔观察到全身抗肿瘤作用的出现，表现为肿瘤在照射野外消退（绝对作用），但被认为太罕见且不可预测，无法达到治疗目的。随着免疫疗法的到来，这已经改变了。在接受放疗以控制免疫检查点封锁期间进展的肿瘤的患者中观察到了显着的全身作用，激发了人们对使用放射线克服对免疫疗法的原发性和获得性癌症抵抗力的兴趣。在这里，我们审查了免疫机制，这些机制负责聚焦辐射促进介导肿瘤排斥反应的抗肿瘤T细胞反应的能力，在某些情况下会导致全身性作用。