The human body is endowed with an uncanny ability to distinguish self from foreign. The implantation of a foreign object inside a mammalian host activates complex signaling cascades, which lead to biological encapsulation of the implant. This reaction by the host system to a foreign object is known as foreign body response (FBR). Over the last few decades, it has been increasingly important to have a deeper insight into the mechanisms of FBR is needed to develop biomaterials for better integration with living systems. In the light of recent advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, particularly in the field of biosensors and biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds, the classical concepts related to the FBR have acquired new dimensions. The aim of this review is to provide a holistic view of the FBR, while critically analyzing the challenges, which need to be addressed in the future to overcome this innate response. In particular, this review discusses the relevant experimental methodology to assess the host response. The role of erosion and degradation behavior on FBR with biodegradable polymers is largely explored. Apart from the discussion on temporal progression of FBR, an emphasis has been given to the design of next-generation biomaterials with favorable host response.

中文翻译：

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异物反应神秘化

人体具有将自己与外国人区分开的不可思议的能力。将异物植入哺乳动物宿主体内会激活复杂的信号级联反应，从而导致植入物的生物封装。主机系统对异物的这种反应称为异物反应（FBR）。在过去的几十年中，对于开发生物材料以更好地与生命系统融合所需的FBR机制有更深入的了解变得越来越重要。鉴于组织工程和再生医学的最新进展，特别是在生物传感器和可生物降解的组织工程支架领域，与FBR相关的经典概念已获得了新的发展。这次审查的目的是提供对FBR的整体看法，同时批判性地分析挑战，这些挑战是将来需要克服的先天挑战。特别是，这篇综述讨论了评估宿主反应的相关实验方法。大量研究了可降解聚合物对FBR的腐蚀和降解行为的作用。除了讨论FBR的时间进展外，还重点设计了具有良好宿主反应的下一代生物材料。