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The Chemoattractant Glorin Is Inactivated by Ester Cleavage during Early Multicellular Development of Polysphondylium pallidum
ACS Chemical Biology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2018-05-24 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00046
Daniel Heinrich 1 , Robert Barnett 2 , Luke Tweedy 3 , Robert Insall 3 , Pierre Stallforth 2 , Thomas Winckler 1
Affiliation  

Among the amoebozoan species capable of forming fruiting bodies, the dictyostelid social amoebae stand out since they form true multicellular organisms by means of single cell aggregation. Upon food depletion, cells migrate across gradients of extracellular signals initiated by cells in aggregation centers. The model species that is widely used to study multicellular development of social amoebae, Dictyostelium discoideum, uses cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as a chemoattractant to coordinate aggregation. Molecular phylogeny studies suggested that social amoebae evolved in four major groups, of which groups 1 and 2 are paraphyletic to groups 3 and 4. During early development, intercellular communication with cAMP appears to be restricted to group 4 species. Cells of group 1 and 2 taxa do not respond chemotactically to extracellular cAMP and likely use a dipeptide chemoattractant known as glorin (N-propionyl-γ-L-glutamyl-L-ornithin-δ-lactam-ethylester) to regulate aggregation. Directional migration of glorin-responsive cells requires the periodic breakdown of the chemoattractant. Here, we identified an extracellular enzymatic activity (glorinase) in the glorin-responsive group 2 taxon Polysphondylium pallidum leading to the inactivation of glorin. We determined the inactivation mechanism to proceed via hydrolytic ethyl ester cleavage of the γ-glutamyl moiety of glorin. Synthetic glorinamide, in which the ethyl ester group was substituted by an ethyl amide group, had glorin-like biological activity but was resistant to degradation by glorinase. Our observations pave the way for future investigations toward an ancient eukaryotic chemotaxis system.

中文翻译:


梅毒多细胞发育早期,化学引诱剂 Glorin 因酯裂解而失活



在能够形成子实体的变形虫物种中,网柄类社会变形虫脱颖而出,因为它们通过单细胞聚集形成真正的多细胞生物。食物耗尽后,细胞会在聚集中心的细胞发起的细胞外信号梯度上迁移。广泛用于研究社会性变形虫多细胞发育的模型物种,盘基网柄菌,使用环磷酸腺苷 (cAMP) 作为化学引诱剂来协调聚集。分子系统发育研究表明,社会性变形虫分为四个主要类群,其中第 1 类和第 2 类与第 3 类和第 4 类是并系关系。在早期发育过程中,与 cAMP 的细胞间通讯似乎仅限于第 4 类物种。第 1 组和第 2 组分类单元的细胞不会对细胞外 cAMP 产生趋化反应,并且可能使用称为 glorin( N-丙酰基-γ-L-谷氨酰-L-鸟氨酸-δ-内酰胺-乙酯)的二肽趋化剂来调节聚集。球蛋白反应性细胞的定向迁移需要化学引诱剂的定期分解。在这里,我们在 glorin 响应性第 2 类分类单元Polysphondylium pallidum中发现了一种细胞外酶活性(glorinase),导致 glorin 失活。我们确定了通过格洛林的 γ-谷氨酰基部分的水解乙酯裂解进行的失活机制。合成的格罗林酰胺,其中乙酯基团被乙基酰胺基团取代,具有类似格罗林酰胺的生物活性,但能抵抗格罗林酶的降解。我们的观察为未来研究古代真核趋化系统铺平了道路。
更新日期:2018-05-24
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