Rigorous monitoring of microbial water quality is essential to ensure the safety of recycled water after advanced treatment for indirect and direct potable reuse. This study evaluated real-time bacterial monitoring for assessing reverse osmosis (RO) treatment for removal of bacteria. A strategy was employed to monitor bacterial counts online and in real time in the RO feed and permeate water using a real-time continuous bacteriological counter. Over the course of 68 h pilot-scale testing, bacterial counts were monitored in real time over approximate ranges from 1 × 10³ to 4 × 10⁴ and from 4 to 342 counts/mL in the RO feed (ultrafiltration-treated wastewater) and permeate, respectively. The results indicate that the bacteriological counter can track the variations in bacterial counts in the RO feed and permeate. Bacterial concentrations were confirmed by epi-fluorescence microscopy for total bacterial counts. A high correlation (R² = 0.83) was identified between the online bacterial counts and epi-fluorescence counts in the RO feed; a negligible correlation was observed for RO permeate. In this study, we evaluated a real-time bacteriological counter (i.e., counts per milliliter every second) to ensure continuous removal of bacterial contaminants by RO treatment.

中文翻译：

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实时在线监测评估通过反渗透去除细菌的能力

严格监控微生物水质量对于确保经过深度处理的间接和直接饮用水回用后的循环水安全至关重要。这项研究评估了实时细菌监测，以评估反渗透（RO）处理去除细菌的能力。采用了一种策略，可通过实时连续细菌计数器实时实时监控反渗透进料和渗透水中的细菌数量。在68小时的中试规模测试过程中，在大约1×10 ³到4×10 ^4的范围内实时监测细菌计数反渗透进料（超滤处理后的废水）和渗透液的浓度分别为4到342个计数/ mL。结果表明，细菌计数器可以跟踪反渗透进料和渗透液中细菌计数的变化。细菌浓度通过落射荧光显微镜确认总细菌数。在反渗透进料中，在线细菌计数与落射荧光计数之间存在高度相关性（R ² = 0.83）；反渗透的相关性可忽略不计。在这项研究中，我们评估了实时细菌计数器（即每秒每毫升的计数），以确保通过RO处理连续去除细菌污染物。