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Smartphone-based turbidity reader.
Scientific Reports ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-27 , DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56474-z
Hatice Ceylan Koydemir 1, 2, 3 , Simran Rajpal 1 , Esin Gumustekin 4 , Doruk Karinca 5 , Kyle Liang 5 , Zoltan Göröcs 1, 2, 3 , Derek Tseng 1, 2, 3 , Aydogan Ozcan 1, 2, 3
Affiliation  

Water quality is undergoing significant deterioration due to bacteria, pollutants and other harmful particles, damaging aquatic life and lowering the quality of drinking water. It is, therefore, important to be able to rapidly and accurately measure water quality in a cost-effective manner using e.g., a turbidimeter. Turbidimeters typically use different illumination angles to measure the scattering and transmittance of light through a sample and translate these readings into a measurement based on the standard nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU). Traditional turbidimeters have high sensitivity and specificity, but they are not field-portable and require electricity to operate in field settings. Here we present a field-portable and cost effective turbidimeter that is based on a smartphone. This mobile turbidimeter contains an opto-mechanical attachment coupled to the rear camera of the smartphone, which contains two white light-emitting-diodes to illuminate the water sample, optical fibers to transmit the light collected from the sample to the camera, an external lens for image formation, and diffusers for uniform illumination of the sample. Including the smartphone, this cost-effective device weighs only ~350 g. In our mobile turbidimeter design, we combined two illumination approaches: transmittance, in which the optical fibers were placed directly below the sample cuvette at 180° with respect to the light source, and nephelometry in which the optical fibers were placed on the sides of the sample cuvette at a 90° angle with respect to the to the light source. Images of the end facets of these fiber optic cables were captured using the smart phone and processed using a custom written image processing algorithm to automatically quantify the turbidity of each sample. Using transmittance and nephelometric readings, our mobile turbidimeter achieved accurate measurements over a large dynamic range, from 0.3 NTU to 2000 NTU. The accurate performance of our smartphone-based turbidimeter was also confirmed with various water samples collected in Los Angeles (USA), bacteria spiked water samples, as well as diesel fuel contaminated water samples. Having a detection limit of ~0.3 NTU, this cost-effective smartphone-based turbidimeter can be a useful analytical tool for screening of water quality in resource limited settings.

中文翻译:

基于智能手机的浊度读取器。

由于细菌,污染物和其他有害颗粒物,水质正在严重恶化,损害了水生生物并降低了饮用水的质量。因此,重要的是能够使用例如浊度计以成本有效的方式快速且准确地测量水质。浊度计通常使用不同的照明角度来测量光在样品中的散射和透射率,并将这些读数转换为基于标准浊度浊度单位(NTU)的测量值。传统的浊度仪具有很高的灵敏度和特异性,但是它们不是现场便携式的,并且需要电才能在现场环境中运行。在这里,我们介绍了一种基于智能手机的现场便携式且具有成本效益的浊度仪。该移动式浊度仪包含一个光机械附件,该附件与智能手机的后置摄像头相连,该摄像头包含两个白色发光二极管以照亮水样品,光纤将从样品中收集的光传输到相机,还有一个外部镜头用于成像,以及用于均匀照射样品的漫射器。包括智能手机在内,这款经济高效的设备仅重约350克。在我们的移动式浊度仪设计中,我们结合了两种照明方法:透射率(将光纤放置在相对于光源成180°的样品比色杯正下方)和浊度法(其中将光纤放置在比色皿的侧面)。样品比色杯相对于光源成90度角。使用智能手机捕获这些光纤电缆端面的图像,并使用自定义的书面图像处理算法进行处理,以自动量化每个样品的浊度。使用透射率和浊度计读数,我们的移动浊度仪在0.3 NTU至2000 NTU的大动态范围内实现了准确的测量。在美国洛杉矶收集的各种水样,掺入细菌的水样以及受柴油燃料污染的水样中,也证实了我们基于智能手机的浊度仪的准确性能。这种具有成本效益的基于智能手机的浊度仪的检出限约为0.3 NTU,可以成为有用的分析工具,用于在资源有限的环境中筛选水质。
更新日期:2019-12-27
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