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Hermaphrodites and parasitism: size-specific female reproduction drives infection by an ephemeral parasitic castrator.
Scientific Reports ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-13 , DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55167-x
Caitlin R Fong 1 , Armand M Kuris 1 , Ryan F Hechinger 2
Affiliation  

Sex can influence patterns of parasitism because males and females can differ in encounter with, and susceptibility to, parasites. We investigate an isopod parasite (Hemioniscus balani) that consumes ovarian fluid, blocking female function of its barnacle host, a simultaneous hermaphrodite. As a hermaphrodite, sex is fluid, and individuals may allocate energy differentially to male versus female reproduction. We predicted the relationship between barnacle size and female reproductive function influences the distribution of parasites within barnacle populations. We surveyed 12 populations spanning ~400 km of coastline of southern California and found intermediate-sized barnacles where most likely to be actively functioning as females. While it is unclear why larger individuals are less likely to be actively reproducing as females, we suggest this reduced likelihood is driven by increased investment in male reproductive effort at larger sizes. The female function-size relationship was mirrored by the relationship between size and parasitism. We suggest parasitism by Hemioniscus balani imposes a cost to female function, reinforcing the lack of investment in female function by the largest individuals. Within the subset of suitable (=female) hosts, infection probability increased with size. Hence, the distribution of female function, combined with selection for larger hosts, primarily dictated patterns of infection.

中文翻译:

雌雄同体和寄生虫:大小特定的雌性繁殖驱动短暂的寄生cast虫感染。

性别可能会影响寄生虫的发生,因为男性和女性在接触寄生虫和对寄生虫的敏感性方面可能会有所不同。我们调查了消耗卵巢液的等足类寄生虫(Hemioniscus balani),阻断其藤壶宿主(同时的雌雄同体)的女性功能。作为雌雄同体,性别是不稳定的,个体可能以不同的方式将能量分配给男性和女性生殖。我们预测藤壶大小和女性生殖功能之间的关系会影响藤壶种群内寄生虫的分布。我们调查了横跨加利福尼亚南部海岸线约400公里的12个种群,发现了中型藤壶最有可能作为女性活跃。虽然尚不清楚为什么较大的个体不太可能像女性那样积极地繁殖,我们认为,这种减少的可能性是由于加大了对男性生殖力的投入而导致的。女性功能大小的关系反映在大小与寄生性之间的关系上。我们建议,Hemioniscus balani的寄生虫对女性功能造成了损失,这加剧了最大的个体对女性功能的投资不足。在合适的(女性)宿主的子集中,感染的可能性随着大小的增加而增加。因此,女性功能的分布,再加上对较大宿主的选择,主要决定了感染的方式。我们建议,Hemioniscus balani的寄生虫对女性功能造成了损失,这加剧了最大的个体对女性功能的投资不足。在合适的(女性)宿主的子集中,感染的可能性随着大小的增加而增加。因此,女性功能的分布,再加上对较大宿主的选择,主要决定了感染的方式。我们建议,Hemioniscus balani的寄生虫对女性功能造成了损失,这加剧了最大的个体对女性功能的投资不足。在合适的(女性)宿主的子集中,感染的可能性随着大小的增加而增加。因此,女性功能的分布,再加上对较大宿主的选择,主要决定了感染的方式。
更新日期:2019-12-13
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