Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ anode can operate at extraordinarily high rates and for a very long time, but it suffers from a relatively low capacity. This has motivated much research on Nb₂O₅ as an alternative. In this work, we present a scalable chemical processing strategy that maintains the size and morphology of nano-crystal precursor but systematically reconstitutes the unit cell composition, to build defect-rich porous orthorhombic Nb₂O_5-x with a high-rate capacity many times those of commercial anodes. The procedure includes etching, proton ion exchange, calcination, and reduction, and the resulting Nb₂O_5-x has a capacity of 253 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.5C, 187 mA h g⁻¹ at 25C, and 130 mA h g⁻¹ at 100C, with 93.3% of the 25C capacity remaining after cycling for 4,000 times. These values are much higher than those reported for Nb₂O₅ and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, thanks to more available surface/sub-surface reaction sites and significantly improved fast ion and electron conductivity.

Li ₄ Ti ₅ O ₁₂阳极可以极高的速率运行很长时间，但容量却相对较低。这激发了对Nb ₂ O ₅作为替代品的大量研究。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种可扩展的化学加工策略，该策略可以维持纳米晶体前体的大小和形态，但可以系统地重构晶胞组成，从而以高倍率构建富缺陷的多孔正交正交Nb ₂ O ₅ - _x。是商用阳极的两倍。该过程包括蚀刻，质子离子交换，煅烧和还原，以及所得的Nb ₂ O _5x在0.5C下具有253 mA hg ^-1的容量，在25C下具有187 mA hg ^-1的容量，在100C下具有130 mA hg ^-1的容量，循环4,000次后仍保留253.3C容量的93.3％。这些值比Nb ₂ O ₅和Li ₄ Ti ₅ O _12的报告值高得多，这归功于更多的可用表面/次表面反应位点以及显着改善的快速离子和电子电导率。