Electrically conducting polymers have been emerging as intelligent bioactive materials for regulating cell behaviors and bone tissue regeneration. Additionally, poor adhesion between conventional implants and native bone tissue may lead to displacement, local inflammation, and unnecessary secondary surgery. Thus, a conductive bioadhesive with strong adhesion performance provides an effective approach to fulfill fixation and regeneration of comminuted bone fracture. Inspired by mussel chemistry, we designed the conductive copolymers poly{[aniline tetramer methacrylamide]-co-[dopamine methacrylamide]-co-[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate]} [poly(ATMA-co-DOPAMA-co-PEGMA); AT:conductive aniline tetramer; DOPA:dopamine; PEG:poly(ethylene glycol))] with AT content 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 mol %, respectively. The adhesive strength of this copolymer was enhanced during tensile process perhaps due to the synergistic effects of H-bonding, π–π interactions, and polymer long-chain entanglement, reaching up to 1.28 MPa with 6 mol % AT. Biological characterizations of preosteoblasts indicated that the bioadhesives exhibited desirable biocompatibility. In addition, the osteogenic differentiation was synergistically enhanced by the conductive substrate and electrical stimulation with a square wave, frequency of 100 Hz, 50% duty cycle, and electrical potential of 500 mV, as indicated by ALP activity, calcium deposition, and expression of osteogenic genes. The ALP activity at 14 days and calcium deposition at 28 days on the 9 mol % AT group were significantly higher than that on PLGA under electrical stimulation. The expression value of OPN for 9 mol % AT group was notably upregulated by 5.9-fold compared with PLGA at 7 days under electrical stimulation. Overall, the conductive polymers with strong adhesion can synergistically upregulate the cellular activity combining with electrical stimulation and might be a promising bioadhesive for orthopedic and dental applications.

中文翻译：

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贻贝启发的导电共聚物与苯胺四聚体作为骨组织工程的智能生物粘合剂

导电聚合物已经成为调节细胞行为和骨组织再生的智能生物活性材料。另外，常规植入物与天然骨组织之间的不良粘附可能导致移位，局部发炎和不必要的二次手术。因此，具有强粘附性能的导电生物粘合剂提供了一种实现粉碎性骨折的固定和再生的有效方法。受到贻贝化学的启发，我们设计了导电共聚物聚{[苯胺四聚体甲基丙烯酰胺]-共-[多巴胺甲基丙烯酰胺]-共-[聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸甲酯]} [聚（ATMA-共-DOPAMA-共-PEGMA）；AT：导电苯胺四聚体；DOPA：多巴胺；PEG：聚（乙二醇）），AT含量分别为3.0、6.0和9.0 mol％。该共聚物的拉伸强度在拉伸过程中得到了增强，这可能是由于氢键，π-π相互作用和聚合物长链缠结的协同效应所致，在6 mol％的条件下达到了1.28 MPa。前成骨细胞的生物学特性表明，生物粘合剂表现出理想的生物相容性。此外，通过ALP活性，钙沉积和ALP的表达表明，通过导电基质和方波，频率为100 Hz，占空比为50％，电势为500 mV的方波对电刺激，成骨分化得到协同增强。成骨基因。在电刺激下，9 mol％AT组在第14天的ALP活性和在第28天的钙沉积显着高于PLGA。在电刺激下第7天，与PLGA相比，对于9mol％AT组，OPN的表达值显着上调了5.9倍。总体而言，具有强粘附力的导电聚合物可以协同电刺激协同上调细胞活性，并且对于整形外科和牙科应用来说可能是有前途的生物粘附剂。