Abstract Synthesis approaches for diverse morphologies of 1D piezoelectric ceramic nanomaterials are still challenging to investigate nanoscale properties and applications. In this work, we demonstrated a vertically grown barium titanate (BaTiO3; BT) nanotube (BT NT) arrays fabricated using optimized electrochemical anodization and hydrothermal reaction. The centimeter-scale synthesized BT NT arrays with a high aspect ratio of up to 300 showed the complete perovskite crystal structure and the notable piezoelectric coefficient of ~180 pm·V−1. A single BT NT-based piezoelectric device was fabricated on a flexible plastic substrate using a highly controlled focused ion beam-assisted method. The single BT NT device produced a piezoelectric voltage of ~150 mV and a current of ~3 nA when the NT was mechanically stimulated by bending and releasing, which are higher than previously reported values for 1D piezoelectric nanoscale materials. Finally, a flexible piezoelectric energy harvester (f-PEH) was achieved using vertically grown BT NT arrays with an elastomer as a vertically aligned nanocomposite; its generated maximum open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current were ~1.0 V and ~20 nA, respectively. The approach in this study can propose the vision for more advanced 1D piezoceramic nanomaterials and future piezoelectric nanodevices.

中文翻译：

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电化学阳极氧化法制备无铅钙钛矿BaTiO3纳米管阵列的压电能量转换

摘要 一维压电陶瓷纳米材料的不同形态的合成方法对于研究纳米级的特性和应用仍然具有挑战性。在这项工作中，我们展示了使用优化的电化学阳极氧化和水热反应制造的垂直生长的钛酸钡 (BaTiO3; BT) 纳米管 (BT NT) 阵列。厘米级合成的 BT NT 阵列具有高达 300 的高纵横比，显示出完整的钙钛矿晶体结构和~180 pm·V-1 的显着压电系数。使用高度控制的聚焦离子束辅助方法在柔性塑料基板上制造了一个基于 BT NT 的压电器件。当 NT 通过弯曲和释放受到机械刺激时，单个 BT NT 设备产生 ~150 mV 的压电电压和 ~3 nA 的电流，这高于先前报道的一维压电纳米级材料的值。最后，使用垂直生长的 BT NT 阵列和弹性体作为垂直排列的纳米复合材料，实现了柔性压电能量收集器 (f-PEH)；其产生的最大开路电压和短路电流分别为~1.0 V 和~20 nA。本研究中的方法可以为更先进的一维压电纳米材料和未来的压电纳米器件提出愿景。