This study investigated the effects of xyloglucan (XG) on gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and liver injury in mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD). Thirty male ICR/KM mice were randomly divided into three groups, as follows: control group (10% fat energy); high-fat group (60% fat energy); and XG group (8% XG supplemented in a high-fat diet). The mice were sacrificed after 8 weeks, and samples were collected. XG reduced the body weight, serum, and liver lipids of high-fat mice and gut-liver axis circulation bile acid level. Liver damage and gut disorders caused by HFD were relieved after XG supplementation. The intestinal bile acid metabolism farnesoid X receptor-small heterodimer partner (FXR-SHP) pathway was up-regulated by XG. XG reduced liver damage and obesity by regulating gut microbiota to up-regulate the intestinal bile acid metabolism pathways of HFD-fed mice.