Abstract This study focused on providing a holistic solution to biodiesel instability challenges using a fuel additive. Three different samples of the multi-functional fuel additive (MFA 1, MFA 2 and MFA 3) were synthesized from abundant lignocellulose-based feedstock. Findings from their property evaluation reveal that 29.67 ± 8.08, 44.67 ± 2.31 and 53.33 ± 8.08% 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition with the MFA 1, MFA 2 and MFA 3 respectively, which shows an obvious antioxidation property. Also, findings obtained from the analysis of the additives using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) reveal a reduction in crystallization temperature of biodiesel by 3.96, 8.79 and 14.25 °C with the MFA 1, MFA 2 and MFA 3 respectively, which signifies a robust anti-freezing property. Furthermore, the additives exhibited antibacterial and antifungal properties against some bacterial and fungal strains that were reported to have negative effects on biodiesel (Bacillus pumilus and Paecilomyces variotii respectively). For instance, the least zones of inhibition of 22.33 ± 0.58and 35.00 ± 5.03 mm were recorded with MFA 1 against the Bacillus pumilus and Paecilomyces variotii respectively using agar well method. Strikingly, biodiesel doped with MFA 2 exhibited improved oxidation stability, lower freezing temperature and strong inhibition against the microbial strains without taking other important properties of biodiesel out of standard specifications.

中文翻译：

---

一种多功能生物柴油燃料添加剂的合成、性能及效果

摘要 本研究的重点是为使用燃料添加剂的生物柴油不稳定性挑战提供整体解决方案。多功能燃料添加剂的三种不同样品（MFA 1、MFA 2 和 MFA 3）由丰富的木质纤维素基原料合成。他们的性能评估结果表明，MFA 1、MFA 2 和 MFA 3 分别对 2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼 (DPPH) 自由基的抑制率为 29.67 ± 8.08、44.67 ± 2.31 和 53.33 ± 8.08%，显示出明显的抗氧化作用财产。此外，使用差示扫描量热仪 (DSC) 分析添加剂的结果表明，使用 MFA 1、MFA 2 和 MFA 3，生物柴油的结晶温度分别降低了 3.96、8.79 和 14.25 °C，这表明具有强大的抗- 冻结属性。此外，这些添加剂对一些据报道对生物柴油有负面影响的细菌和真菌菌株（分别是短小芽孢杆菌和拟青霉）表现出抗菌和抗真菌特性。例如，使用琼脂井法分别用 MFA 1 记录了对短小芽孢杆菌和拟青霉的最小抑菌圈为 22.33 ± 0.58 和 35.00 ± 5.03 mm。引人注目的是，掺有 MFA 2 的生物柴油表现出更高的氧化稳定性、更低的冷冻温度和对微生物菌株的强烈抑制，而没有使生物柴油的其他重要特性超出标准规格。MFA 1 对短小芽孢杆菌和拟青霉的最小抑菌圈分别为 22.33 ± 0.58 和 35.00 ± 5.03 mm。引人注目的是，掺有 MFA 2 的生物柴油表现出更高的氧化稳定性、更低的冷冻温度和对微生物菌株的强烈抑制，而没有使生物柴油的其他重要特性超出标准规格。MFA 1 对短小芽孢杆菌和拟青霉的最小抑菌圈分别为 22.33 ± 0.58 和 35.00 ± 5.03 mm。引人注目的是，掺有 MFA 2 的生物柴油表现出更高的氧化稳定性、更低的冷冻温度和对微生物菌株的强烈抑制，而没有使生物柴油的其他重要特性超出标准规格。