Miniaturized enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) with high cell performance are promising candidates for powering next-generation implantable medical devices. Here, we report a closed-loop theoretical and experimental study on a micro EBFC system based on three-dimensional (3D) carbon micropillar arrays coated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and a biocatalyst composite. The fabrication process of this system combines the top–down carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) technique to fabricate the 3D micropillar array platform and bottom–up electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to deposit the reduced rGO/CNTs/enzyme onto the electrode surface. The Michaelis–Menten constant K_M of 2.1 mM for glucose oxidase (GOx) on the rGO/CNTs/GOx bioanode was obtained, which is close to the K_M for free GOx. Theoretical modelling of the rGO/CNT-based EBFC system via finite element analysis was conducted to predict the cell performance and efficiency. The experimental results from the developed rGO/CNT-based EBFC showed a maximum power density of 196.04 µW cm⁻² at 0.61 V, which is approximately twice the maximum power density obtained from the rGO-based EBFC. The experimental power density is noted to be 71.1% of the theoretical value.

具有高电池性能的小型化酶生物燃料电池（EBFC）是为下一代植入式医疗设备提供动力的有希望的候选者。在此，我们报告了基于涂有还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）、碳纳米管（CNT）和生物催化剂复合材料的三维（3D）碳微柱阵列的微型EBFC系统的闭环理论和实验研究。该系统的制造过程结合了自上而下的碳微机电系统（C-MEMS）技术来制造3D微柱阵列平台和自下而上的电泳沉积（EPD）以将还原的rGO/CNTs/酶沉积到电极表面上。rGO/CNTs/GOx 生物阳极上葡萄糖氧化酶 (GOx) 的米氏常数 K _M为 2.1 mM，接近游离 GOx 的K _{M 。}通过有限元分析对基于 rGO/CNT 的 EBFC 系统进行理论建模，以预测电池性能和效率。所开发的基于rGO/CNT的EBFC的实验结果显示，0.61V时的最大功率密度为196.04μW cm ^{-2 ，这大约是基于rGO的EBFC获得的最大功率密度的两倍。}实验功率密度为理论值的71.1%。