Due to their high anisotropy and chemical functions, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest and attention from various scientific fields, including functional electronics, catalysis, supercapacitors, batteries and energy materials. In the biomedical field, 2D nanomaterials have made significant contributions to the field of nanomedicine, especially in drug/gene delivery systems, multimodal imaging, biosensing, antimicrobial agents and tissue engineering. 2D nanomaterials such as graphene/graphene oxide (GO)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO), silicate clays, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), transition metal oxides (TMOs), black phosphorus (BP), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), antimonene (AM), boron nanosheets (B NSs) and tin telluride nanosheets (SnTe NSs) possess excellent physical, chemical, optical and biological properties due to their uniform shapes, high surface-to-volume ratios and surface charge. In this review, we first introduce the properties, structures and synthetic strategies of different configurations of 2D nanomaterials. Recent advances and paradigms of 2D nanomaterials in a variety of biomedical applications, ranging from drug delivery, cancer treatment, bioimaging and tissue engineering to biosensing are discussed afterwards. In the final part, we foresee the development prospects and challenges of 2D nanomaterials after summarizing the research status of ultrathin 2D nanomaterials.

由于其高各向异性和化学功能，二维 (2D) 纳米材料越来越受到各个科学领域的关注和关注，包括功能电子学、催化、超级电容器、电池和能源材料。在生物医学领域，二维纳米材料为纳米医学领域做出了重大贡献，尤其是在药物/基因传递系统、多模态成像、生物传感、抗菌剂和组织工程等方面。二维纳米材料，例如石墨烯/氧化石墨烯 (GO)/还原氧化石墨烯 (rGO)、硅酸盐粘土、层状双氢氧化物 (LDH)、过渡金属二硫化物 (TMD)、过渡金属氧化物 (TMO)、黑磷 (BP)、石墨氮化碳（gC ₃ N ₄)、六方氮化硼 (h-BN)、锑烯 (AM)、硼纳米片 (B NSs) 和碲化锡纳米片 (SnTe NSs) 由于其均匀的形状、高比表面-体积比和表面电荷。在这篇综述中，我们首先介绍了二维纳米材料不同构型的性质、结构和合成策略。随后讨论了二维纳米材料在各种生物医学应用中的最新进展和范例，从药物输送、癌症治疗、生物成像和组织工程到生物传感。最后，我们在总结超薄二维纳米材料研究现状的基础上，展望了二维纳米材料的发展前景和挑战。