从单层到多层体系结构的球形介孔材料。,Accounts of Chemical Research

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从单层到多层体系结构的球形介孔材料。
Accounts of Chemical Research ( IF 16.4 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-19 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00357
Pengpeng Qiu ₁ , Bing Ma ₁ , Chin-Te Hung ₁ , Wei Li ₁ , Dongyuan Zhao ₁

Affiliation

具有各种结构的中孔材料由于其独特的特性（例如大孔径，高表面积，可调节的孔结构和可控的骨架组成）而引起了相当大的关注。其中，球形中孔材料（SMM）由于具有独特的球形形状而备受关注，球形显示出封闭的堆积性质和最低的表面能。SMM的开放中孔和短通道不仅增加了高可及活性位点的密度，而且还促进了短长度物质的扩散。这些特性对于催化，吸附，能量存储和转化，生物医学等方面的应用特别有用。另外，由于自然界中的物体会尽量减少能量，因此球形的创建符合自然选择法则，而球体是最完美的物质结构之一。因此，从基础和技术的角度来看，SMM的设计和综合都非常重要。与简单的单级相比，具有更复杂的多级结构的SMM不可避免地带来异常的机械，电和光学特性，这在实际应用中是非常需要的。例如，核-壳结构的SMM的构造引起了极大的关注，因为它们可以将多个组件组合到一个功能单元中，表现出改善的或新的物理化学特性，而这些特性不能从孤立的SMM中获得。蛋黄壳结构中存在中空空腔，可以使核充分暴露，同时保持壳的保护能力，这有利于保持铁心的距离相关特性。与具有大量介孔的壳相比，由两个或多个介孔壳组成的多壳空心结构有望在各种应用中显示出优异的活性，因为可以提供更多的活动界面和独特的隔室环境。因此，从单层到多层结构的SMM代表了一类具有独特结构和引人入胜特性的高级纳米结构材料。在此帐户中，我们重点介绍了SMM从单层到多层体系结构的综合和应用方面的进展。合成策略已被归纳并归类为（i）改良的Stöber方法，（ii）水热策略，（iii）双相分层方法，（iv）纳米乳液组装方法，（v）蒸发诱导聚集组装（EIAA）方法，以及（vi）受限的自组装策略。特别强调的是在颗粒大小，孔径，孔结构和功能以及不同结构水平上精确控制SMM的合成原理和基本机制。此外，已经强调了在催化，药物输送和能量相关领域中的实施性能。最后，从综合和应用的角度提出了SMM未来发展的机遇和挑战。孔隙结构和功能，以及不同层次的架构。此外，已经强调了在催化，药物输送和能量相关领域中的实施性能。最后，从综合和应用的角度提出了SMM未来发展的机遇和挑战。孔隙结构和功能，以及不同层次的架构。此外，已经强调了在催化，药物输送和能量相关领域中的实施性能。最后，从综合和应用的角度提出了SMM未来发展的机遇和挑战。

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Spherical Mesoporous Materials from Single to Multilevel Architectures.

Mesoporous materials with various structures have attracted considerable attention due to their distinctive properties such as large pore sizes, high surface areas, tunable pore structures, and controllable framework compositions. Among them, spherical mesoporous materials (SMMs) are of great interest owing to the unique spherical shape, which show the closed packing nature and lowest surface energy. The open mesopores and short channels of SMMs not only increase the density of high accessible active sites but also facilitate the mass diffusion with short length. These characteristics are particularly useful for applications in catalysis, adsorption, energy storage and conversion, biomedicine, and so on. In addition, the creation of a spherical shape is conformable to the law of natural selection because objects in nature tend to minimize energy, while the sphere is one of the most perfect matter structures. Therefore, the design and synthesis of SMMs are very important from both fundamental and technological viewpoints. Compared to the simple single-level, SMMs with more complex multilevel structures inevitably bring unusual mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, which are highly desired for practical applications. For example, the construction of core-shell structured SMMs has inspired great attention as they can combine multiple components into one functional unit, exhibiting ameliorated or new physicochemical properties, which cannot be obtained from the isolated one. The presence of a hollow cavity in the yolk-shell structure allows sufficient exposure of the core while maintaining the protective ability of the shell, which is conducive to retaining the distance-dependent properties of the core. Multishelled hollow structures consisting of two or more mesoporous shells are expected to show superior activities in various applications compared to their bulk counterparts because more active interfaces and unique compartmentation environments can be provided. Therefore, SMMs from single to multilevel structure represent a class of advanced nanostructured materials with unique structures and fascinating properties. In this Account, we highlight the progresses on the synthesis and applications of SMMs from single to multilevel architectures. The synthetic strategies have been summarized and categorized into (i) the modified Stöber method, (ii) the hydrothermal strategy, (iii) the biphase stratification approach, (iv) the nanoemulsion assembly method, (v) the evaporation induced aggregating assembly (EIAA) method, and (vi) the confined self-assembly strategy. Special emphasis is placed on the synthetic principles and underlying mechanisms for precise control of SMMs over the particle sizes, pore sizes, pore structures and functionalities as well as different levels of architectures. Moreover, the implementation performances in catalysis, drug delivery, and energy related fields have been highlighted. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the future development of SMMs in terms of synthesis and applications are proposed.

更新日期：2019-09-20

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