Until the last few decades, investigations of stellar interiors had been restricted to theoretical studies only constrained by observations of their global properties and external characteristics. However, in the last 30 years the field has been revolutionized by the ability to perform seismic investigations of stellar interiors. This revolution begun with the Sun, where helioseismology has been yielding information competing with what can be inferred about the Earth’s interior from geoseismology. The last two decades have witnessed the advent of asteroseismology of solar-like stars, thanks to a dramatic development of new observing facilities providing the first reliable results on the interiors of distant stars. The coming years will see a huge development in this field. In this review we focus on solar-type stars, i.e., cool main-sequence stars where oscillations are stochastically excited by surface convection. After a short introduction and a historical overview of the discipline, we review the observational techniques generally used, and we describe the theory behind stellar oscillations in cool main-sequence stars. We continue with a complete description of the normal mode analyses through which it is possible to extract the physical information about the structure and dynamics of the stars. We then summarize the lessons that we have learned and discuss unsolved issues and questions that are still unanswered.

直到过去几十年，对恒星内部的研究仅限于理论研究，仅受到对其整体性质和外部特征的观测的限制。然而，在过去 30 年中，由于能够对恒星内部进行地震研究，该领域发生了革命性的变化。这场革命始于太阳，日震学所产生的信息与地震学推断出的地球内部信息相竞争。过去二十年见证了类太阳恒星星震学的出现，这要归功于新观测设施的巨大发展，为遥远恒星的内部提供了第一个可靠的结果。未来几年，这一领域将出现巨大发展。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注太阳型恒星，即冷主序星，其振荡是由表面对流随机激发的。在对该学科进行简短介绍和历史概述之后，我们回顾了常用的观测技术，并描述了冷主序星中恒星振荡背后的理论。我们继续对简正模态分析进行完整的描述，通过该分析可以提取有关恒星结构和动力学的物理信息。然后，我们总结所吸取的教训，并讨论尚未解决的问题和尚未解答的问题。