2D materials (e.g., graphene, graphene analogues), with unique physical and chemical properties, shows intriguing potential for the realization of versatile biomedical applications. Tremendous attention has been attracted on 2D material based nanocarriers, which play a crucial role in therapeutic drug, gene, and biomedical agent delivery for cancer theranostics. This review provides an up-to-date review on the development of nanocarriers based on 2D materials beyond graphene, including basic and emerging synthesis methods, the catalog of 2D material-based nanocarriers, biosafety, surface functional engineering, the realization of stimuli-responsive controllable release and biomedical applications. Among the properties and performance to be summarized, there is particular focus on nanocarriers loading capability, biosafety, and therapy efficiency and so on. Finally, by addressing major issues and challenges, some prospects for future directions in this area are provided.