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Mainstream Ammonium Recovery to Advance Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-16 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00603 Heidy Cruz 1 , Ying Yu Law 2 , Jeremy S. Guest 3 , Korneel Rabaey 4 , Damien Batstone 5 , Bronwyn Laycock 6 , Willy Verstraete 4 , Ilje Pikaar 1
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-16 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00603 Heidy Cruz 1 , Ying Yu Law 2 , Jeremy S. Guest 3 , Korneel Rabaey 4 , Damien Batstone 5 , Bronwyn Laycock 6 , Willy Verstraete 4 , Ilje Pikaar 1
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Throughout the 20th century, the prevailing approach toward nitrogen management in municipal wastewater treatment was to remove ammonium by transforming it into dinitrogen (N2) using biological processes such as conventional activated sludge. While this has been a very successful strategy for safeguarding human health and protecting aquatic ecosystems, the conversion of ammonium into its elemental form is incompatible with the developing circular economy of the 21st century. Equally important, the activated sludge process and other emerging ammonium removal pathways have several environmental and technological limitations. Here, we assess that the theoretical energy embedded in ammonium in domestic wastewater represents roughly 38–48% of the embedded chemical energy available in the whole of the discharged bodily waste. The current routes for ammonium removal not only neglect the energy embedded in ammonium, but they can also produce N2O, a very strong greenhouse gas, with such emissions comprising the equivalent of 14–26% of the overall carbon footprint of wastewater treatment plants. N2O emissions often exceed the carbon emissions related to the electricity consumption for the process requirements of WWTPs. Considering these limitations, there is a need to develop alternative ammonium management approaches that center around recovery of ammonium from domestic wastewater rather than deal with its “destruction” into elemental dinitrogen. Current ammonium recovery techniques are applicable only at orders of magnitude above domestic wastewater strength, and so new techniques based on physicochemical adsorption are of particular interest. A new pathway is proposed that allows for mainstream ammonium recovery from wastewater based on physicochemical adsorption through development of polymer-based adsorbents. Provided adequate adsorbents corresponding to characteristics outlined in this paper are designed and brought to industrial production, this adsorption-based approach opens perspectives for mainstream continuous adsorption coupled with side-stream recovery of ammonium with minimal chemical requirements. This proposed pathway can bring forward an effective resource-oriented approach to upgrade the fate of ammonium in urban water management without generating hidden externalized environmental costs.
中文翻译：
主流铵回收技术可促进城市可持续废水管理
在整个20世纪，市政废水处理中氮管理的主要方法是通过将铵转化为二氮（N 2）使用传统的活性污泥等生物过程。尽管这是保护人类健康和保护水生生态系统的非常成功的策略，但将铵转化成其元素形式与21世纪发展中的循环经济不相容。同样重要的是，活性污泥工艺和其他新兴的铵去除途径也有一些环境和技术限制。在这里，我们评估了生活污水中氨中嵌入的理论能量约占全部排出的身体废物中可用的嵌入化学能的38–48％。当前的去除铵的途径不仅忽略了嵌入铵中的能量，而且还可以产生N 2。O，一种非常强的温室气体，其排放量相当于废水处理厂总碳足迹的14–26％。N 2为了满足污水处理厂的工艺要求，O排放量通常会超过与电力消耗相关的碳排放量。考虑到这些局限性，有必要开发替代性的铵管理方法，其重点是从生活废水中回收铵，而不是处理其“销毁”成元素二氮的方法。当前的铵回收技术仅适用于生活污水强度以上几个数量级，因此，基于物理化学吸附的新技术特别受关注。提出了一种新途径，该途径允许通过基于聚合物的吸附剂的物理化学吸附，从废水中回收主流的铵。如果提供了与本文概述的特征相对应的适当吸附剂，并将其投入工业生产，则这种基于吸附的方法将为主流连续吸附以及最小化学需量的铵侧流回收开辟前景。该提议的途径可以提出一种有效的资源导向型方法，以提高城市水管理中铵的命运，而不会产生隐藏的外部环境成本。
更新日期：2019-09-16
中文翻译：
主流铵回收技术可促进城市可持续废水管理
在整个20世纪，市政废水处理中氮管理的主要方法是通过将铵转化为二氮（N 2）使用传统的活性污泥等生物过程。尽管这是保护人类健康和保护水生生态系统的非常成功的策略，但将铵转化成其元素形式与21世纪发展中的循环经济不相容。同样重要的是，活性污泥工艺和其他新兴的铵去除途径也有一些环境和技术限制。在这里，我们评估了生活污水中氨中嵌入的理论能量约占全部排出的身体废物中可用的嵌入化学能的38–48％。当前的去除铵的途径不仅忽略了嵌入铵中的能量，而且还可以产生N 2。O，一种非常强的温室气体，其排放量相当于废水处理厂总碳足迹的14–26％。N 2为了满足污水处理厂的工艺要求，O排放量通常会超过与电力消耗相关的碳排放量。考虑到这些局限性，有必要开发替代性的铵管理方法，其重点是从生活废水中回收铵，而不是处理其“销毁”成元素二氮的方法。当前的铵回收技术仅适用于生活污水强度以上几个数量级，因此，基于物理化学吸附的新技术特别受关注。提出了一种新途径，该途径允许通过基于聚合物的吸附剂的物理化学吸附，从废水中回收主流的铵。如果提供了与本文概述的特征相对应的适当吸附剂，并将其投入工业生产，则这种基于吸附的方法将为主流连续吸附以及最小化学需量的铵侧流回收开辟前景。该提议的途径可以提出一种有效的资源导向型方法，以提高城市水管理中铵的命运，而不会产生隐藏的外部环境成本。
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