Carabrone is isolated from Carpesium macrocephalum Franch. et Sav, which has good fungicidal activity, especially for Gaeumannomyces graminis (Get). According to previous studies, we speculated that carabrone targets the mitochondrial enzyme complex III of Get. To elucidate the mode of action, we used carabrone to induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in Get. Incubation with carabrone reduced the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as phosphatidylserine release. Carabrone caused ROS accumulation in mycelia by inhibiting the activity of antioxidase enzymes, among which inhibition of glutathione reductase (GR) activity was most obvious. The catalytic center of GR consists of l-cysteine residues that react with the α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone active site of carabrone. Additionally, a positive TUNEL reaction led to diffusion of the DNA electrophoresis band and upregulation of Ggmet1 and Ggmet2. We propose that carabrone inhibits antioxidant enzymes and promotes ROS overproduction, which causes membrane hyperpermeability, release of apoptotic factors, activation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway, and fungal cell apoptosis.

中文翻译：

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氧化应激和凋亡小麦全蚀病菌（GET）由Carabrone诱导

Carabrone是从Carpesium macrocephalum Franch中分离出来的。et Sav，它具有良好的杀菌活性，特别是对于禾本科（Gaeumannomyces graminis）（Get）。根据先前的研究，我们推测Carabrone靶向Get的线粒体酶复合物III 。为了阐明作用方式，我们使用了卡巴拉酮来诱导Get中的氧化应激和细胞凋亡。。与卡巴隆一起孵育减少了活性氧（ROS）和线粒体膜电位的爆发，以及磷脂酰丝氨酸的释放。甲萘醌通过抑制抗氧化酶的活性而引起菌丝体中ROS的积累，其中谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的抑制作用最为明显。GR的催化中心由与胱氨酸的α-亚甲基-γ-丁内酯活性部位反应的1-半胱氨酸残基组成。此外，阳性的TUNEL反应导致DNA电泳条带的扩散以及Ggmet1和Ggmet2的上调。 我们建议carabrone抑制抗氧化酶并促进ROS过度生产，这会引起膜通透性过高，细胞凋亡因子的释放，线粒体介导的凋亡途径的激活以及真菌细胞的凋亡。