Interfacial Rheology of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals,Langmuir

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Interfacial Rheology of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals
Langmuir ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-13 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01821
Alan R. Jacob ₁ , Dishit P. Parekh ₁ , Michael D. Dickey ₁ , Lilian C. Hsiao ₁

Affiliation

Gallium and its alloys react with oxygen to form a native oxide that encapsulates the liquid metal with a solid “skin”. The viscoelasticity of this skin is leveraged in applications such as soft electronics, 3D printing, and components for microfluidic devices. In these applications, rheological characterization of the oxide skin is paramount for understanding and controlling liquid metals. Here, we provide a direct comparison of the viscoelastic properties for gallium-based liquid metals and illustrate the effect of different subphases and addition of a dopant on the elastic nature of the oxide skin. The du Noüy ring method is used to investigate the interfacial rheology of oxide skins formed by gallium-based liquid metal alloys. The results show that the oxide layer on gallium, eutectic gallium–indium, and Galinstan are viscoelastic with a yield stress. Furthermore, the storage modulus of the oxide layer is affected by exposure to water or when small amounts of aluminum dopant are added to the liquid metals. The former scenario decreases the interfacial storage modulus of the gallium by 35–85% while the latter increases the interfacial storage modulus by 25–45%. The presence of water also changes the chemical composition of the oxide skin. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggest that a microstructural evolution of the interface occurs when aluminum preferentially migrates from the bulk to the surface. These studies provide guidance on selecting liquid metals as well as simple methods to optimize their rheological behavior for future applications.

中文翻译：

镓基液态金属的界面流变学

镓及其合金与氧反应形成天然氧化物，该氧化物将液态金属包裹在固体“表皮”中。这种皮肤的粘弹性在诸如软电子，3D打印和微流体设备组件等应用中得到了利用。在这些应用中，氧化皮的流变特性对于理解和控制液态金属至关重要。在这里，我们直接比较了镓基液态金属的粘弹性，并说明了不同子相和添加掺杂剂对氧化皮的弹性的影响。duNoüy环法用于研究由镓基液态金属合金形成的氧化皮的界面流变学。结果表明，镓，共晶镓-铟上的氧化物层 Galinstan和Galinstan是粘弹性的，具有屈服应力。此外，氧化物层的储能模量受暴露于水或当向液体金属中添加少量铝掺杂剂时的影响。前一种情况使镓的界面储能模量降低了35-85％，而后一种情况将镓的界面储能模量提高了25-45％。水的存在还改变了氧化皮的化学成分。扫描电子显微镜，能量色散X射线能谱（EDS）和X射线光电子能谱表明，当铝优先从主体迁移到表面时，会发生界面的微观结构演变。这些研究为选择液态金属提供了指导，并提供了优化其流变行为以供将来应用的简单方法。氧化物层的储能模量受暴露于水或向液态金属中添加少量铝掺杂剂的影响。前一种情况使镓的界面储能模量降低了35-85％，而后一种情况将镓的界面储能模量提高了25-45％。水的存在还改变了氧化皮的化学成分。扫描电子显微镜，能量色散X射线能谱（EDS）和X射线光电子能谱表明，当铝优先从主体迁移到表面时，会发生界面的微观结构演变。这些研究为选择液态金属提供了指导，并提供了优化其流变行为以供将来应用的简单方法。氧化物层的储能模量受暴露于水或向液态金属中添加少量铝掺杂剂的影响。前一种情况使镓的界面储能模量降低了35–85％，而后一种情况使镓的界面储能模量提高了25–45％。水的存在还改变了氧化皮的化学成分。扫描电子显微镜，能量色散X射线能谱（EDS）和X射线光电子能谱表明，当铝优先从主体迁移到表面时，会发生界面的微观结构演变。这些研究为选择液态金属提供了指导，并提供了优化其流变行为以供将来应用的简单方法。

更新日期：2019-08-13

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