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Nonfreezable Water and Polymer Swelling Control the Marine Antifouling Performance of Polymers with Limited Hydrophilic Content
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces ( IF 8.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-09 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05893 Jan H. Kardela 1 , Ian S. Millichamp 2 , James Ferguson 2 , Alison L. Parry 2 , Kevin J. Reynolds 1 , Nick Aldred 1 , Anthony S. Clare 1
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces ( IF 8.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-09 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05893 Jan H. Kardela 1 , Ian S. Millichamp 2 , James Ferguson 2 , Alison L. Parry 2 , Kevin J. Reynolds 1 , Nick Aldred 1 , Anthony S. Clare 1
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Zwitterionic chemical groups have well-documented resistance to marine fouling species when presented as homogeneous polymer brushes. These model formulations are not, however, suitable for practical fouling-control applications. It is presently unknown if a uniform film of zwitterions is required to elicit nonfouling character via the binding of interfacial water or if the incorporation of zwitterionic functionality into a more practical bulk polymer system will suffice. Here, copolymers of n-butyl methacrylate were synthesized with low incorporation levels (up to 20 mol %) of hydrophilic functionality, including zwitterionic moieties. Their antifouling (AF) properties were evaluated using barnacle cyprids (Balanus improvisus), diatom cells (Navicula incerta), and a multispecies biofilm. The laboratory assays revealed higher resistance of ionic copolymers toward cyprid settlement, which was attributed to their swelling and the presence of nonfreezable water molecules bound tightly to the polymer chains. Additionally, cells of N. incerta and the multispecies biofilm were removed more effectively on polymers containing sulfobetaine methacrylate and sulfopropyl methacrylate moieties. The results indicate that the presence of tightly bound interfacial water is not limited to model systems of pure hydrophilic homopolymers, but that this mechanism can also reduce the settlement and adhesion of fouling species via bulk copolymer systems with limited hydrophilic content. The swelling of polymers with hydrophilic content may also contribute to their AF efficacy, and such materials may therefore represent a route to translation of the well-documented nonfouling character of zwitterions into practical, industrially relevant coating formulations.
中文翻译：
不可冻结的水和聚合物溶胀控制了亲水含量有限的聚合物的海洋防污性能
当以均相聚合物刷的形式出现时，两性离子化学基团具有对海洋污垢物质的抵抗力。但是，这些模型公式不适用于实际的结垢控制应用。目前尚不清楚是否需要均匀的两性离子膜通过界面水的结合来引起不结垢的特性，或者是否将两性离子官能团引入更实际的本体聚合物体系中就足够了。在此，合成了甲基丙烯酸正丁酯的共聚物，该共聚物的亲水性官能团（包括两性离子部分）的掺入水平低（至多20mol％）。使用藤壶（Balanus improvisus），硅藻细胞（Navicula incerta）评估了它们的防污（AF）性能。），以及多种生物膜。实验室分析表明，离子型共聚物对赛普拉斯沉降的抵抗力更高，这归因于其溶胀以及与聚合物链紧密结合的不可冻结水分子的存在。此外，N。incerta的细胞并在含有甲基丙烯酸磺基甜菜碱和甲基丙烯酸磺基丙基酯的聚合物上更有效地去除了多种生物膜。结果表明紧密结合的界面水的存在不仅限于纯亲水均聚物的模型体系，而且该机理还可以通过亲水含量有限的本体共聚物体系减少结垢物的沉降和粘附。具有亲水性含量的聚合物的溶胀也可能有助于其AF功效，因此，此类材料可能代表了一条途径，将证明两性离子的无污垢特性转化为实用的，与工业相关的涂料配方。
更新日期：2019-08-09
中文翻译：
不可冻结的水和聚合物溶胀控制了亲水含量有限的聚合物的海洋防污性能
当以均相聚合物刷的形式出现时，两性离子化学基团具有对海洋污垢物质的抵抗力。但是，这些模型公式不适用于实际的结垢控制应用。目前尚不清楚是否需要均匀的两性离子膜通过界面水的结合来引起不结垢的特性，或者是否将两性离子官能团引入更实际的本体聚合物体系中就足够了。在此，合成了甲基丙烯酸正丁酯的共聚物，该共聚物的亲水性官能团（包括两性离子部分）的掺入水平低（至多20mol％）。使用藤壶（Balanus improvisus），硅藻细胞（Navicula incerta）评估了它们的防污（AF）性能。），以及多种生物膜。实验室分析表明，离子型共聚物对赛普拉斯沉降的抵抗力更高，这归因于其溶胀以及与聚合物链紧密结合的不可冻结水分子的存在。此外，N。incerta的细胞并在含有甲基丙烯酸磺基甜菜碱和甲基丙烯酸磺基丙基酯的聚合物上更有效地去除了多种生物膜。结果表明紧密结合的界面水的存在不仅限于纯亲水均聚物的模型体系，而且该机理还可以通过亲水含量有限的本体共聚物体系减少结垢物的沉降和粘附。具有亲水性含量的聚合物的溶胀也可能有助于其AF功效，因此，此类材料可能代表了一条途径，将证明两性离子的无污垢特性转化为实用的，与工业相关的涂料配方。
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