Porous carbon (PC) materials are the excellent alternative to anodes of high performance sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, most PC materials are prepared with complicated and multi-step template method, which limits the mass production. Herein, we present a simple and repeatable calcination approach to synthesize three-dimensional porous carbon (3D-PC) materials using poly(p-phenylenediamine) hydrogel as precursor. N, O and P heteroatoms are successfully introduced into 3D-PC to provide more sodium storage sites. The obtained 3D-PC delivers high sodium storage capacity of 332 mAh g⁻¹ at 50 mA g⁻¹ and the reversible capacity still retains 139 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 A g⁻¹. Moreover, 3D-PC also shows ultralong cycling life, the stable capacities of 212 mAh g⁻¹ and 120 mAh g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles even at the high current density of 0.5 A g⁻¹ and 5 A g⁻¹, respectively. These results illustrate that 3D-PC electrode displays great rate capability and excellent cycling stability, which would be ascribed to surface-dominated sodium storage mechanism according to quantitative analysis. This method is low cost and effective for preparing high-performance porous carbon anodes for SIBs.

多孔碳（PC）材料是高性能钠离子电池（SIB）阳极的极佳替代品。但是，大多数PC材料都是采用复杂的多步骤模板方法制备的，这限制了其批量生产。在这里，我们提出了一种简单且可重复的煅烧方法，以聚对苯二胺水凝胶为前体来合成三维多孔碳（3D-PC）材料。N，O和P杂原子已成功引入3D-PC中，以提供更多的钠存储位点。将所得到的3D-PC提供的332毫安克高钠存储容量^-1在50mA克^-1和可逆容量仍保留139毫安克^-1以10 A G ^-1。此外，即使在高电流密度分别为0.5 A g ^-1和5 A g ^{-1的情况下}，3D-PC也显示出超长的循环寿命，经过1000次循环后的稳定容量为212 mAh g ^-1和120 mAh g ^-1。这些结果说明3D-PC电极显示出极高的倍率能力和出色的循环稳定性，根据定量分析，这可归因于表面主导的钠存储机制。该方法是低成本的，并且对于制备用于SIB的高性能多孔碳阳极是有效的。