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Nanoplastics Decrease the Toxicity of a Complex PAH Mixture but Impair Mitochondrial Energy Production in Developing Zebrafish.
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-01 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02003 Rafael Trevisan 1 , Ciara Voy 1 , Shuxin Chen 2 , Richard T Di Giulio 1
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-01 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02003 Rafael Trevisan 1 , Ciara Voy 1 , Shuxin Chen 2 , Richard T Di Giulio 1
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Plastics are recognized as a worldwide threat to the environment, possibly affecting human health and wildlife. Small forms of plastics such as micro- and nanoplastics can interact with other organic contaminants, potentially acting as chemical carriers and modulating their toxicity. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles (Nano-PS) and a real-world environmental PAH mixture (Elizabeth River Sediment Extract, ERSE, comprised of 36 detected PAHs) to zebrafish embryos and larvae. Embryos were exposed to Nano-PS (0.1–10 ppm) or ERSE (0.1–5% v/v, equivalent to ΣPAH 5.07–25.36 ppb) or coexposed to a combination of both. Larvae exposed to Nano-PS did not exhibit developmental defects, while larvae exposed to ERSE (2–5%) showed classic signs of PAH toxicity such as heart malformation and deformities in the jaw, fin, and tail. ERSE (5%) also impaired vascular development in the brain. When coexposed, Nano-PS decreased the developmental deformities and impaired vascular development caused by ERSE. This was strongly correlated to the lower PAH bioaccumulation detected in the coexposed animals (whole larvae, as well as the yolk sac, brain, and heart). Our data suggest that PAHs are sorbing to the surface of the Nano-PS, decreasing the concentration, uptake, and toxicity of free PAHs during the exposure. Such sorption of PAHs increases the agglomeration rate of Nano-PS during the exposure time, potentially decreasing the uptake of Nano-PS and associated PAHs. Despite that, similar induction of EROD activity was detected in animals exposed to ERSE in the presence or not of Nano-PS, suggesting that enough PAHs were accumulated in the organisms to induce cellular defense mechanisms. Nano-PS exposure (single or combined with ERSE) decreased the mitochondrial coupling efficiency and increased NADH production, suggesting an impairment on ATP production accompanied by a compensatory mechanism. Our data indicate that nanoplastics can sorb contaminants and potentially decrease their uptake due to particle agglomeration. Nanoplastics also target and disrupt mitochondrial energy production and act as vectors for the mitochondrial uptake of sorbed contaminants during embryonic and larval stages. Such negative effects of nanoplastics on energy metabolism and efficiency could be detrimental under multiple-stressors exposures and energy-demanding scenarios, which remains to be validated.
中文翻译：
纳米塑料可降低复杂多环芳烃混合物的毒性，但会损害斑马鱼发育中的线粒体能量产生。
塑料被认为是对环境的全球威胁，可能影响人类健康和野生动物。微型塑料和纳米塑料等小型塑料可以与其他有机污染物相互作用，可能充当化学载体并调节其毒性。在这项研究中，我们研究了聚苯乙烯纳米粒子 (Nano-PS) 和真实环境多环芳烃混合物（伊丽莎白河沉积物提取物，ERSE，由 36 种检测到的多环芳烃组成）对斑马鱼胚胎和幼虫的毒性。将胚胎暴露于 Nano-PS (0.1–10 ppm) 或 ERSE（0.1–5% v/v，相当于 ΣPAH 5.07–25.36 ppb）或同时暴露于两者的组合。暴露于 Nano-PS 的幼虫没有表现出发育缺陷，而暴露于 ERSE (2-5%) 的幼虫则表现出 PAH 毒性的典型症状，如心脏畸形以及下颌、鳍和尾部畸形。 ERSE (5%) 还会损害大脑血管发育。当同时暴露时，Nano-PS 可减少 ERSE 引起的发育畸形和血管发育受损。这与在共同暴露的动物（整个幼虫以及卵黄囊、大脑和心脏）中检测到的较低 PAH 生物累积量密切相关。我们的数据表明，PAH 吸附在 Nano-PS 表面，降低了暴露期间游离 PAH 的浓度、吸收和毒性。这种 PAH 的吸附增加了 Nano-PS 在暴露时间内的团聚率，可能会减少 Nano-PS 和相关 PAH 的吸收。尽管如此，在存在或不存在 Nano-PS 的情况下，在暴露于 ERSE 的动物中检测到了类似的 EROD 活性诱导，这表明生物体中积累了足够的 PAH 以诱导细胞防御机制。 Nano-PS 暴露（单独或与 ERSE 组合）降低了线粒体偶联效率并增加了 NADH 产量，表明 ATP 产量受损并伴有补偿机制。我们的数据表明，纳米塑料可以吸附污染物，并可能由于颗粒团聚而减少污染物的吸收。纳米塑料还靶向并破坏线粒体能量产生，并在胚胎和幼虫阶段充当线粒体吸收吸附污染物的载体。纳米塑料对能量代谢和效率的这种负面影响在多重压力源暴露和能源需求场景下可能是有害的，这一点仍有待验证。
更新日期：2019-07-01
中文翻译：
纳米塑料可降低复杂多环芳烃混合物的毒性，但会损害斑马鱼发育中的线粒体能量产生。
塑料被认为是对环境的全球威胁，可能影响人类健康和野生动物。微型塑料和纳米塑料等小型塑料可以与其他有机污染物相互作用，可能充当化学载体并调节其毒性。在这项研究中，我们研究了聚苯乙烯纳米粒子 (Nano-PS) 和真实环境多环芳烃混合物（伊丽莎白河沉积物提取物，ERSE，由 36 种检测到的多环芳烃组成）对斑马鱼胚胎和幼虫的毒性。将胚胎暴露于 Nano-PS (0.1–10 ppm) 或 ERSE（0.1–5% v/v，相当于 ΣPAH 5.07–25.36 ppb）或同时暴露于两者的组合。暴露于 Nano-PS 的幼虫没有表现出发育缺陷，而暴露于 ERSE (2-5%) 的幼虫则表现出 PAH 毒性的典型症状，如心脏畸形以及下颌、鳍和尾部畸形。 ERSE (5%) 还会损害大脑血管发育。当同时暴露时，Nano-PS 可减少 ERSE 引起的发育畸形和血管发育受损。这与在共同暴露的动物（整个幼虫以及卵黄囊、大脑和心脏）中检测到的较低 PAH 生物累积量密切相关。我们的数据表明，PAH 吸附在 Nano-PS 表面，降低了暴露期间游离 PAH 的浓度、吸收和毒性。这种 PAH 的吸附增加了 Nano-PS 在暴露时间内的团聚率，可能会减少 Nano-PS 和相关 PAH 的吸收。尽管如此，在存在或不存在 Nano-PS 的情况下，在暴露于 ERSE 的动物中检测到了类似的 EROD 活性诱导，这表明生物体中积累了足够的 PAH 以诱导细胞防御机制。 Nano-PS 暴露（单独或与 ERSE 组合）降低了线粒体偶联效率并增加了 NADH 产量，表明 ATP 产量受损并伴有补偿机制。我们的数据表明，纳米塑料可以吸附污染物，并可能由于颗粒团聚而减少污染物的吸收。纳米塑料还靶向并破坏线粒体能量产生，并在胚胎和幼虫阶段充当线粒体吸收吸附污染物的载体。纳米塑料对能量代谢和效率的这种负面影响在多重压力源暴露和能源需求场景下可能是有害的，这一点仍有待验证。
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