在学校和办公室的室内环境中，人暴露于NO2中。,Environment International

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在学校和办公室的室内环境中，人暴露于NO2中。
Environment International ( IF 10.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-06-10 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.081
Heidi Salonen ₁ , Tunga Salthammer ₂ , Lidia Morawska ₃

Affiliation

背景技术尽管二氧化氮（NO2）是在室内遇到的最常见的空气污染物之一，并且广泛的文献已经研究了NO2暴露与持续时间之间的联系，这些持续时间在易感人群中造成不利的呼吸影响，但有关不同室内环境中NO2的全球和局部暴露的信息是有限的。为了综合现有的知识，本次审查分析了学校和办公室中全球和本地NO2暴露的程度和趋势，以及控制暴露的因素。方法进行文献综述时，使用42个搜索词及其组合对Web of Science，SCOPUS，Google Scholar和PubMed进行搜索，以识别1971年至2019年之间发表的手稿，报告和指令。相关文章。结果计算得出的学校NO2浓度中位数和平均值（中值21.1μg/ m3；中值29.4μg/ m3）和办公室环境（中值22.7μg/ m3；中值25.1μg/ m3）远低于世界水平卫生组织（WHO）的年度平均NO2浓度指南为40μg/ m3。但是，据报告，学校和办公室环境中的NO2平均浓度范围很广，分别为6.00至68.5μg/ m3和3.40至56.5μg/ m3，这表明超出了WHO准则的情况。室外NO2水平是各个季节室内NO2水平的可靠预测指标，室内/室外（I / O）平均和中位数比率在学校中分别为0.9和0.7，在办公环境中分别为0.9和0.8。室内没有主要的NO2排放源和NO2汇，包括化学反应和沉积，是室内NO2浓度较低的原因。在冬季，室外的NO2浓度通常高于夏季。此外，还有各种建筑物和室内环境特征，例如通风类型，空气交换率，围护结构的气密性，建筑物的家具和表面特征，建筑物的位置（城市与郊区以及靠近交通路线）由于居住者的行为（例如打开窗户）在统计学上与学校和办公室环境中的室内NO2水平显着相关。结论在城市地区，在交通流量大的情况下，室内暴露于环境空气中的NO2可能很重要。尽管减少运输废气排放具有挑战性，有几种减少室内NO2浓度的简便方法，包括采用合适过滤器的通风策略；新学校，教室和通风窗或进风口的位置规划；交通规划（位置和密度）；并减少使用释放NO2的室内源。

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Human exposure to NO2 in school and office indoor environments.

BACKGROUND Although nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the most common air pollutants encountered indoors, and extensive literature has examined the link between NO2 exposure and duration causing adverse respiratory effects in susceptible populations, information about global and local exposure to NO2 in different indoor environments is limited. To synthesize the existing knowledge, this review analyzes the magnitude of and the trends in global and local exposure to NO2 in schools and offices, and the factors that control exposure. METHODS For the literature review, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched using 42 search terms and their combinations to identify manuscripts, reports, and directives published between 1971 and 2019. The search was then extended to the reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS The calculated median, as well as the mean, concentration of NO2 in school (median 21.1 μg/m3; mean 29.4 μg/m3) and office settings (median 22.7 μg/m3; mean 25.1 μg/m3) was well below the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 40 μg/m3 for the annual mean NO2 concentration. However, a large range of average concentrations of NO2 were reported, from 6.00 to 68.5 μg/m3 and from 3.40 to 56.5 μg/m3 for school and office environments, respectively, indicating situations where the WHO guidelines are exceeded. Outdoor levels of NO2 are a reliable predictor of indoor NO2 levels across seasons, with mean and median Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) ratios of 0.9 and 0.7 in school and 0.9 and 0.8 in office environments, respectively. The absence of major indoor NO2 emission sources and NO2 sinks, including chemical reactions and deposition, are the reasons for lower indoor NO2 concentrations. During the winter, outdoor NO2 concentrations are generally higher than during the summer. In addition, various building and indoor environment characteristics, such as type of ventilation, air exchange rates, airtightness of the envelope, furnishing and surface characteristics of the building, location of the building (urban versus suburban and proximity to traffic routes), as well as occupants' behavior (such as opening windows), have been statistically significantly associated with indoor NO2 levels in school and office environments. CONCLUSIONS Indoor exposure to NO2 from the infiltration of ambient air can be significant in urban areas, and in the case of high traffic volume. Although reducing transportation emissions is challenging, there are several easier means to reduce indoor NO2 concentrations, including a ventilation strategy with suitable filters; location planning of new schools, classrooms, and ventilating windows or intakes; traffic planning (location and density); and reducing the use of NO2-releasing indoor sources.

更新日期：2019-06-11

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