Biological samples are complex and often contain many proteins, lipids and other contaminants, which affect the separation and ionization properties of the analytes. Moreover, the concentration of the analytes is very low in comparison with that of the interfering substances. Therefore, the development of biological sample preparation methods has become more and more challenging. The objective of this review is to provide a broad overview of the main biological samples (urine, blood, plasma, serum, hair, human breast milk, saliva, sweat and skin surface lipids, fecal and tissue), recent advances and applications of various sample preparation methods prior to chromatography, spectrometry and electrochemistry analysis over the past five years. Novel and modern approaches in biological sample preparation are especially emphasized. Finally, challenges and future perspectives to improve development of sample preparation methods are described.

生物样品很复杂，通常包含许多蛋白质，脂质和其他污染物，这会影响分析物的分离和电离特性。此外，与干扰物质相比，分析物的浓度非常低。因此，生物样品制备方法的发展变得越来越具有挑战性。这篇综述的目的是提供主要生物学样品（尿，血液，血浆，血清，头发，人母乳，唾液，汗液和皮肤表面脂质，粪便和组织）的广泛概述，各种最新进展和应用在过去五年中进行色谱，光谱分析和电化学分析之前的样品制备方法。特别强调了生物样品制备中的新颖和现代方法。最后，