Despite considerable efforts to stabilize lithium metal anode structures and prevent dendrite formation, achieving long cycling life in high-energy batteries under realistic conditions remains extremely difficult due to a combination of complex failure modes that involve accelerated anode degradation and the depletion of electrolyte and lithium metal. Here we report a self-smoothing lithium–carbon anode structure based on mesoporous carbon nanofibres, which, coupled with a lithium nickel–manganese–cobalt oxide cathode with a high nickel content, can lead to a cell-level energy density of 350–380 Wh kg⁻¹ (counting all the active and inactive components) and a stable cycling life up to 200 cycles. These performances are achieved under the realistic conditions required for practical high-energy rechargeable lithium metal batteries: cathode loading ≥4.0 mAh cm⁻², negative to positive electrode capacity ratio ≤2 and electrolyte weight to cathode capacity ratio ≤3 g Ah⁻¹. The high stability of our anode is due to the amine functionalization and the mesoporous carbon structures that favour smooth lithium deposition.

尽管在稳定锂金属阳极结构和防止枝晶形成方面做出了巨大努力，但由于复杂的故障模式相结合，包括加速阳极降解以及电解质和锂金属的耗尽，在现实条件下实现高能电池的长循环寿命仍然极为困难。 。在这里，我们报告了一种基于中孔碳纳米纤维的自平滑锂碳阳极结构，再加上具有高镍含量的锂镍锰锰钴氧化物阴极，可以产生350-380的电池级能量密度Wh千克^-1（计算所有活动和不活动的组件），并具有高达200个循环的稳定循环寿命。这些性能是在实际的高能可充电锂金属电池所需的实际条件下实现的：阴极负载≥4.0mAh cm ^-2，负电极容量与正电极容量之比≤2和电解质重量与阴极容量之比≤3g Ah ^-1。我们阳极的高稳定性归因于胺的官能化和有利于平稳锂沉积的中孔碳结构。