The structure and occurrence of multilayered adsorption at the air-water interface of surfactants in combination with other oppositely charged species is reviewed. The main species that trigger multilayer formation are multiply charged metal, oligo- and polyions. The structures vary from the attachment of one or two more or less complete surfactant bilayers to the initial surfactant monolayer at the air-water interface to the attachment of a greater number of bilayers with a more defective structure. The majority of the wide range of observations of such structures have been made using neutron reflectometry. The possible mechanisms for the attraction of surfactant bilayers to an air-water interface are discussed and particular attention is given to the question of whether these structures are true equilibrium structures.

综述了表面活性剂与其他带相反电荷的物质在空气-水界面处多层吸附的结构和发生情况。引发多层形成的主要物质是带多重电荷的金属，寡离子和聚离子。结构从在空气-水界面处将一个或两个或多个或更少的完整表面活性剂双层附着到初始表面活性剂单层到以结构缺陷更多的大量双层附着而变化。此类结构的大部分观测结果都是使用中子反射仪进行的。讨论了将表面活性剂双层吸引到空气-水界面的可能机理，并特别关注了这些结构是否为真正的平衡结构的问题。