SnO₂ has attracted considerable attention in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. However, a poor surface morphology, specifically with the presence of pinholes after the annealing process, limits its application in PSCs. To overcome the drawback of tin oxide, lanthanum (La) is herein first to be doped into the SnO₂ layer, which is able to alleviate the SnO₂ crystal aggregation and produce full-coverage and a uniform film. In addition, La:SnO₂ can effectively reduce the band offset of the SnO₂ layer, which results in the high Voc of 1.11 V. Systematic analyses revealed that the La:SnO₂ layer enhances the electron extraction and suppresses charge recombination, leading to the power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhancement from 14.24% to 17.08%.

SnO ₂由于其优异的光学和电学性能而在钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）中引起了相当大的关注。但是，不良的表面形貌，特别是退火过程后存在针孔，限制了其在PSC中的应用。为了克服氧化锡的缺点，在此首先将镧（La）掺杂到SnO ₂层中，该层能够减轻SnO _2的晶体聚集并产生全覆盖率和均匀的膜。此外，La：SnO ₂可以有效降低SnO ₂层的带隙，从而导致1.11 V的高Voc。系统分析表明，La：SnO ₂ 层提高了电子提取效率并抑制了电荷复合，从而使功率转换效率（PCE）从14.24％提高到了17.08％。