Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNSs) comprise a group of disorders that can affect any part of the nervous system in patients with cancer and frequently result from autoimmune responses triggered by the ectopic expression of neuronal proteins in cancer cells. These disorders are rare, although the introduction of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) into cancer treatment algorithms has renewed interest in PNSs. ICIs are associated with a considerably increased incidence of immunological toxicities compared with traditional anticancer therapies, including neurological immune-related adverse effects (nirAEs) that can manifest as PNSs. Theoretically, the use of ICIs might increase the risk of PNSs, in particular, in patients with the types of cancer that are most frequently associated with these disorders (such as small-cell lung cancer), emphasizing the importance of their prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent irreversible neurological deficits. To facilitate the recognition of these disorders in the context of immune-checkpoint inhibition, we provide an overview of PNSs, including the main syndromes, types of neuronal autoantibodies and associated immunological mechanisms. We also review the scenarios in which nirAEs fulfil the criteria for PNSs and examine their frequency and clinical presentations. Finally, we provide recommendations for the prevention and management of PNSs that can occur during ICI therapy.

副肿瘤神经综合症（PNS）包括一组可能影响癌症患者神经系统任何部位的疾病，通常是由癌细胞中神经元蛋白异位表达触发的自身免疫反应引起的。尽管将免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI）引入癌症治疗算法已引起人们对PNS的兴趣，但这些疾病很少见。与传统抗癌疗法相比，ICI与免疫毒性的发生率显着增加有关，包括可能表现为PNS的神经免疫相关不良反应（nirAEs）。从理论上讲，ICI的使用可能会增加PNS的风险，特别是在患有与这些疾病最相关的癌症类型（例如小细胞肺癌）的患者中，强调及时诊断和治疗以防止不可逆的神经功能缺损的重要性。为了促进在免疫检查点抑制的背景下识别这些疾病，我们提供了PNS的概述，包括主要综合征，神经元自身抗体的类型和相关的免疫机制。我们还审查了nirAE满足PNSs标准的情况，并检查了它们的频率和临床表现。最后，我们为ICI治疗期间可能发生的PNS的预防和管理提供了建议。神经元自身抗体的类型和相关的免疫机制。我们还审查了nirAE满足PNSs标准的情况，并检查了它们的频率和临床表现。最后，我们为ICI治疗期间可能发生的PNS的预防和管理提供了建议。神经元自身抗体的类型和相关的免疫机制。我们还审查了nirAEs满足PNSs标准的情况，并检查了它们的频率和临床表现。最后，我们为ICI治疗期间可能发生的PNS的预防和管理提供了建议。