深海热液喷口的微生物群落：全球分布，局部成形。,Nature Reviews Microbiology

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深海热液喷口的微生物群落：全球分布，局部成形。
Nature Reviews Microbiology ( IF 69.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-05-01 , DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0160-2
Gregory J Dick ₁

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1977 年在深海热液喷口发现的化学合成生态系统改变了我们对生物学的看法。化学合成细菌和古细菌通过利用还原热液和氧化海水之间的化学不平衡，利用这种能量将无机碳固定到生物质中，形成了喷口生态系统的基础。最近的研究揭示了这些微生物群落的基本方面，包括它们与潜在地质学和热液地球化学的关系，通过共生与动物的相互作用以及在喷口场内的各种栖息地的局部分布和全球不同环境中的热液系统的分布。虽然“黑烟民” 微生物和大型动物群之间的共生关系因其新颖性以及它们对极端条件下生命的洞察力而备受关注，扩散流区域、海底含水层和热液羽流等栖息地在元素通过热液系统的全球循环中发挥着重要作用。由于这些不同栖息地之间物理和化学条件的鲜明对比及其动态、极端和地理上孤立的性质，热液喷口为了解塑造微生物群落的环境和生态力量以及了解微生物的限制、起源和进化提供了宝贵的窗口。生活。海底含水层和热液羽流在通过热液系统的全球元素循环中发挥着重要作用。由于这些不同栖息地之间物理和化学条件的鲜明对比及其动态、极端和地理上孤立的性质，热液喷口为了解塑造微生物群落的环境和生态力量以及了解微生物的限制、起源和进化提供了宝贵的窗口。生活。海底含水层和热液羽流在通过热液系统的全球元素循环中发挥着重要作用。由于这些不同栖息地之间物理和化学条件的鲜明对比及其动态、极端和地理上孤立的性质，热液喷口为了解塑造微生物群落的环境和生态力量以及了解微生物的限制、起源和进化提供了宝贵的窗口。生活。

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The microbiomes of deep-sea hydrothermal vents: distributed globally, shaped locally.

The discovery of chemosynthetic ecosystems at deep-sea hydrothermal vents in 1977 changed our view of biology. Chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea form the foundation of vent ecosystems by exploiting the chemical disequilibrium between reducing hydrothermal fluids and oxidizing seawater, harnessing this energy to fix inorganic carbon into biomass. Recent research has uncovered fundamental aspects of these microbial communities, including their relationships with underlying geology and hydrothermal geochemistry, interactions with animals via symbiosis and distribution both locally in various habitats within vent fields and globally across hydrothermal systems in diverse settings. Although 'black smokers' and symbioses between microorganisms and macrofauna attract much attention owing to their novelty and the insights they provide into life under extreme conditions, habitats such as regions of diffuse flow, subseafloor aquifers and hydrothermal plumes have important roles in the global cycling of elements through hydrothermal systems. Owing to sharp contrasts in physical and chemical conditions between these various habitats and their dynamic, extreme and geographically isolated nature, hydrothermal vents provide a valuable window into the environmental and ecological forces that shape microbial communities and insights into the limits, origins and evolution of microbial life.

更新日期：2019-03-13

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