Inflammation is a critical feature of aging and its related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. Recent epidemiological studies demonstrated that abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), an aging-related vascular pathological condition, is associated with cognitive decline. However, the underlying mechanism, especially the role of vascular inflammation, is largely unknown because of lack of an available animal model. In this study, we examined whether vascular inflammation affects synaptic and cognitive dysfunction, using an AAA mouse model. In young (3 months) and middle-aged (12 months) C57BL/6J mice, AAA was induced by angiotensin II infusion with calcium chloride application. After 4 weeks of induction, aortic diameter was significantly increased and excessive Mac3-positive inflammatory cells infiltrated the destroyed aorta in middle-aged mice. AAA-induced middle-aged mice further exhibited cognitive impairment. Neuronal loss was observed in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. IBA1/MHCII-double-positive microglia activation was also seen in the hippocampus, suggesting that vascular inflammation drives neuroinflammation and subsequent cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, we found that senescence-accelerated mice prone 8 exhibited robust AAA formation and a marked decrease of cognitive and synaptic function in the hippocampus mediated by inflammation. In conclusion, this novel murine model convincingly suggested the occurrence of vascular inflammation-derived cognitive dysfunction.