Biological invasions are a global threat to biodiversity. Since the spread of invasive alien plants may have many impacts, an integrated approach, assessing effects across various ecosystem components, is needed for a correct understanding of the invasion process and its consequences. The nitrogen-fixing tree Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) is a major invasive species worldwide and is used in forestry production. While its effects on plant communities and soils are well known, there have been few studies on soil fauna and microbes.

We investigated the impacts of the tree on several ecosystem components, using a multi-trophic approach to combine evidence of soil chemical properties and soil microbial, nematode, microarthropod and plant communities. We sampled soil and vegetation in managed forests, comparing those dominated by black locust with native deciduous oak stands.

We found qualitative and quantitative changes in all components analysed, such as the well-known soil nitrification and acidification in stands invaded by black locust. Bacterial richness was the only component favoured by the invasion. On the contrary, abundance and richness of microarthropods, richness of nematodes, and richness and diversity of plant communities decreased significantly in invaded stands. The invasion process caused a compositional shift in all studied biotic communities and in relationships between the different ecosystem components.

We obtained clear insights into the effects of invasion of managed native forests by black locust. Our data confirms that the alien species transforms several ecosystem components, modifying the plant-soil community and affecting biodiversity at different levels. Correct management of this aggressive invader in temperate forests is urgently required.

生物入侵是对生物多样性的全球威胁。由于外来入侵植物的扩散可能会产生许多影响，因此需要一种综合方法来评估整个生态系统各个组成部分的影响，以便正确了解入侵过程及其后果。固氮树刺槐（刺槐）是全世界主要的入侵物种，用于林业生产。尽管其对植物群落和土壤的影响是众所周知的，但对土壤动物和微生物的研究很少。

我们使用多营养方法结合了土壤化学性质和土壤微生物，线虫，节肢动物和植物群落的证据，研究了树木对几种生态系统组成部分的影响。我们对管理森林中的土壤和植被进行了采样，比较了以黑刺槐和原生落叶栎林为主的土壤和植被。

我们发现所分析的所有成分都发生了质和量的变化，例如黑蝗虫入侵的林分中众所周知的土壤硝化和酸化作用。细菌丰富性是入侵所偏爱的唯一成分。相反，入侵林分中节肢动物的丰富度和丰富度，线虫的丰富度和植物群落的丰富度和多样性明显下降。入侵过程导致所有研究的生物群落以及不同生态系统组成部分之间的关​​系发生成分变化。

我们获得了关于黑蝗虫入侵管理的原始森林的影响的清晰见解。我们的数据证实，外来物种改变了生态系统的几个组成部分，改变了植物-土壤群落，并在不同层次上影响了生物多样性。迫切需要在温带森林中正确管理这种侵略性入侵者。