The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the most essential protection mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS). It selectively allows individual molecules such as small lipid-soluble molecules to pass through the capillary endothelial membrane while limiting the passage of pathogens or toxins. However, this protection mechanism is also a major obstacle during disease state since it dramatically hinders the drug delivery. In recent years, various tactics have been applied to assist drugs to cross the BBB including osmotic disruption of the BBB and chemical modification of prodrugs. Additionally, nanoparticles (NPs)-mediated drug delivery is emerging as an effective and non-invasive system to treat cerebral diseases. In this review, we will summarize and analyze the advances in the drug delivery across the BBB using various NPs in the last decade. The NPs will cover both traditional and novel nanocarriers. The traditional nanocarriers consist of poly(butylcyanoacrylate), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid) NPs, liposomes and inorganic systems. In the meanwhile, novel nanocarriers such as carbon quantum dots with their recent applications in drug delivery will also be introduced. In terms of significance, this review clearly depicts the BBB structure and comprehensively describes various NPs-mediated drug delivery systems according to different NPs species. Also, the BBB penetration mechanisms are concluded in general, emphasized and investigated in each drug delivery system.

血脑屏障（BBB）是中枢神经系统（CNS）最重要的保护机制之一。它选择性地允许单个分子（例如脂溶性小分子）通过毛细血管内皮膜，同时限制病原体或毒素的通过。但是，这种保护机制也是疾病状态期间的主要障碍，因为它极大地阻碍了药物的输送。近年来，已采用各种策略来帮助药物通过BBB，包括BBB的渗透破坏和前药的化学修饰。此外，纳米颗粒（NPs）介导的药物输送正在作为治疗脑部疾病的有效且非侵入性的系统出现。在这篇评论中，我们将总结和分析过去十年来使用各种NP在整个BBB药物输送方面的进展。NP将涵盖传统和新型纳米载体。传统的纳米载体包括聚（氰基丙烯酸丁酯），聚（乳酸-共-glycolic酸），聚（乳酸）的NP，脂质体和无机体系。同时，还将介绍新型纳米载体，例如碳量子点及其在药物输送中的最新应用。就重要性而言，本综述清楚地描述了血脑屏障的结构，并根据不同的NPs种类全面描述了各种NPs介导的药物递送系统。此外，在每种药物输送系统中，一般都会总结，强调和研究BBB的渗透机制。