Mars is characterized by geological landforms familiar to terrestrial geologists. It has a tenuous atmosphere that evolved differently from that of Earth and Venus and a differentiated inner structure. Our knowledge of the structure and evolution of Mars has strongly improved thanks to a huge amount of data of various types (visible and infrared imagery, altimetry, radar, chemistry, etc) acquired by a dozen of missions over the last two decades. In situ data have provided ground truth for remote-sensing data and have opened a new era in the study of Mars geology. While large sections of Mars science have made progress and new topics have emerged, a major question in Mars exploration—the possibility of past or present life—is still unsolved. Without entering into the debate around the presence of life traces, our review develops various topics of Mars science to help the search of life on Mars, building on the most recent discoveries, going from the exosphere to the interior structure, from the magmatic evolution to the currently active processes, including the fate of volatiles and especially liquid water.

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火星：一颗小小的类地行星

火星以陆地地质学家熟悉的地质地貌为特征。它具有与地球和金星不同的稀薄大气层和不同的内部结构。由于过去二十年的十几个任务获得了大量各种类型的数据（可见光和红外图像、测高、雷达、化学等），我们对火星结构和演化的了解得到了极大的提高。原位数据为遥感数据提供了基础数据，开启了火星地质研究的新纪元。虽然火星科学的很大一部分取得了进展，新的课题出现了，但火星探索中的一个主要问题——过去或现在生命的可能性——仍未解决。没有进入关于生命痕迹存在的争论，