Simple strategies for the synthesis of five series of cationic gemini surfactants and one series of zwitterionic gemini surfactants from pentaerythritol have been developed. Two lipophilic groups were introduced onto pentaerythritol by alkylation of the known compound, O-benzylidenepentaerythritol, with 1-bromooctane, 1-bromodecane, 1-bromododecane, and 1-bromotetradecane. Hydrogenolysis of the benzylidene acetals gave diols which were converted into three different series of trimethylammonium derivatives. The diiodides derived from the diols could be displaced by dimethylamine, even though they are adjacent to a quaternary carbon atom. Alkylation with methyl iodide gave the first series. The iodides were easily displaced by cyanide ion and the resulting dinitriles were hydrolyzed, converted to N,N-dimethylamides, and reduced to give a second series. Oxidation of the diols to dialdehydes under Swern conditions followed by Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons reactions with diethyl N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate followed by two-stage reduction gave a third series. The dialkoxides derived from the four di-O-alkylpentaerthritol diols were reacted with 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride and 3-dimethylaminopropyl chloride in neighboring-group assisted double Williamson ether syntheses to give precursors to two more series. As expected because the neighboring group participation occurs through a four-membered-ring intermediate, considerably more vigorous conditions were required for the reactions with 3-dimethylaminopropyl chloride. 2-Diethylaminoethyl bromide was found to be less reactive than 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride. The products were alkylated with methyl iodide and, in some cases, other alkyl halides to give cationic gemini surfactants. Alkylation of one series with ethyl bromoacetate followed by anion exchange resin catalyzed ester hydrolysis gave zwitterionic gemini surfactants. The members of all series have superior surfactant properties.

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基于季戊四醇的表面活性剂的合成。I.阳离子和两性离子双子表面活性剂

已经开发了从季戊四醇合成五种系列阳​​离子双子表面活性剂和一系列两性离子双子表面活性剂的简单策略。通过用1-溴辛烷，1-溴丁烷，1-溴十二烷和1-溴十四烷将已知化合物O-苄叉基戊四醇烷基化，将两个亲脂基团引入季戊四醇上。亚苄基缩醛的氢解得到二醇，将其转化为三个不同系列的三甲基铵衍生物。衍生自二元醇的二碘化物即使与季碳原子相邻，也可以被二甲胺取代。用甲基碘进行烷基化得到第一个系列。碘化物易于被氰化物离子置换，生成的二腈被水解，转化为氮，N-二甲酰胺还原，得到第二个系列。在Swern条件下将二醇氧化为二醛，然后进行Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons与N，N - N-二甲基氨基甲酰基甲基膦酸二乙酯的二反应，然后进行两步还原，得到了第三系列。从四二获得的二烷氧基化Ø在相邻基团辅助的双Williamson醚合成中，使-烷基季戊四醇二醇与2-二甲基氨基乙基氯化物和3-二甲基氨基丙基氯化物反应，以产生另外两个系列的前体。如所预期的，因为相邻基团的参与是通过四元环中间体发生的，所以与3-二甲基氨基丙基氯的反应需要更为剧烈的条件。发现2-二乙基氨基乙基溴的反应性低于2-二甲基氨基乙基氯的反应性。将产物用甲基碘和在某些情况下用其他烷基卤化物烷基化，得到阳离子双基表面活性剂。用溴乙酸乙酯将一个系列烷基化，然后用阴离子交换树脂催化的酯水解，得到两性离子双基表面活性剂。所有系列的成员均具有优异的表面活性剂性能。