Hard Carbons for Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Synthetic Strategies, Material Properties, and Storage Mechanisms,ChemSusChem

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Hard Carbons for Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Synthetic Strategies, Material Properties, and Storage Mechanisms
ChemSusChem ( IF 7.5 ) Pub Date : 2018-01-26 , DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701664
Malik Wahid ₁ , Dhanya Puthusseri _{1,

2} , Yogesh Gawli ₁ , Neha Sharma _{1,

2} , Satishchandra Ogale ₁

Affiliation

Sodium‐ion batteries are attracting much interest due to their potential as viable future alternatives for lithium‐ion batteries, in view of the much higher earth abundance of sodium over that of lithium. Although both battery systems have basically similar chemistries, the key celebrated negative electrode in lithium battery, namely, graphite, is unavailable for the sodium‐ion battery due to the larger size of the sodium ion. This need is satisfied by “hard carbon”, which can internalize the larger sodium ion and has desirable electrochemical properties. Unlike graphite, with its specific layered structure, however, hard carbon occurs in diverse microstructural states. Herein, the relationships between precursor choices, synthetic protocols, microstructural states, and performance features of hard carbon forms in the context of sodium‐ion battery applications are elucidated. Derived from the pertinent literature employing classical and modern structural characterization techniques, various issues related to microstructure, morphology, defects, and heteroatom doping are discussed. Finally, an outlook is presented to suggest emerging research directions.

中文翻译：

钠离子电池阳极用硬质碳：合成策略，材料性能和存储机理

鉴于钠的地球丰度远高于锂，钠离子电池作为锂离子电池未来可行的替代品具有潜力，因此备受关注。尽管两种电池系统的化学性质基本相似，但锂离子电池中著名的负电极即石墨由于钠离子的尺寸较大而无法用于钠离子电池。“硬碳”可以满足这一需求，它可以使较大的钠离子内在化并具有理想的电化学性能。但是，与石墨不同的是，石墨具有特定的层状结构，它以各种不同的微结构状态存在。在此，前体选择，合成方案，微观结构状态之间的关系，阐明了钠离子电池应用中硬碳形态的性能特征。源自使用经典和现代结构表征技术的相关文献，讨论了与微观结构，形态，缺陷和杂原子掺杂有关的各种问题。最后，提出了展望，以建议新兴的研究方向。

更新日期：2018-01-26

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