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Trap diversity and character evolution in carnivorous bladderworts (Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae).
Scientific Reports ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2017-Sep-21 , DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12324-4
Anna Sofia Westermeier 1, 2 , Andreas Fleischmann 3, 4 , Kai Müller 5 , Bastian Schäferhoff 5, 6 , Carmen Rubach 1 , Thomas Speck 1, 2 , Simon Poppinga 1
Affiliation  

Bladderworts (Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae, Lamiales) constitute the largest genus of carnivorous plants but only aquatic species (about one fifth of the genus) have so far been thoroughly studied as to their suction trap functioning. In this study, we comparatively investigated trap biomechanics in 19 Utricularia species to examine correlations between life-forms, trapping mechanisms, and functional-morphological traits. Our investigations show the existence of two functional trap principles (passive trap in U. multifida vs. active suction traps), and - in active suction traps - three main trapdoor movement types (with several subtypes). The trapdoor movement types and their corresponding functional-morphological features most presumably represent adaptations to the respective habitat. We furthermore give insights into fluid dynamics during suction in three representatives of the main types of trapdoor movement. The results on functional morphology and trapdoor movement were mapped onto a new phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus, derived from the rapidly evolving chloroplast regions trnK, rps16 and trnQ-rps16 and a sampling of 105 Utricularia species in total. We discuss potential scenarios of trap character evolution and species radiation, highlighting possible key innovations that enable such a unique carnivorous lifestyle in different habitats.

中文翻译:


肉食性膀胱植物(狸藻、扁豆科)的陷阱多样性和性状进化。



狸藻属(狸藻属、扁豆科、唇形目)是最大的食虫植物属,但迄今为止只有水生物种(约占该属的五分之一)对其吸力捕集器的功能进行了彻底研究。在这项研究中,我们比较研究了 19 种狸藻的诱捕生物力学,以研究生命形式、诱捕机制和功能形态特征之间的相关性。我们的研究表明存在两种功能性陷阱原理(U. multifida 中的被动陷阱与主动吸力陷阱),以及在主动吸力陷阱中存在三种主要活板门运动类型(具有多个子类型)。活板门运动类型及其相应的功能形态特征最有可能代表对各自栖息地的适应。我们还深入了解了活板门运动主要类型的三种代表的吸入过程中的流体动力学。功能形态和活板门运动的结果被映射到该属的新系统发育重建上,该重建源自快速进化的叶绿体区域 trnK、rps16 和 trnQ-rps16 以及总共 105 个狸藻属物种的样本。我们讨论了陷阱特征进化和物种辐射的潜在情景,强调了在不同栖息地实现这种独特的食肉生活方式的可能的关键创新。
更新日期:2017-09-21
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