Protein subcellular localization is fundamental to the establishment of the body axis, cell migration, synaptic plasticity, and a vast range of other biological processes. Protein localization occurs through three mechanisms: protein transport, mRNA localization, and local translation. However, the relative contribution of each process to neuronal polarity remains unknown. Using neurons differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells, we analyze protein and RNA expression and translation rates in isolated cell bodies and neurites genome-wide. We quantify 7323 proteins and the entire transcriptome, and identify hundreds of neurite-localized proteins and locally translated mRNAs. Our results demonstrate that mRNA localization is the primary mechanism for protein localization in neurites that may account for half of the neurite-localized proteome. Moreover, we identify multiple neurite-targeted non-coding RNAs and RNA-binding proteins with potential regulatory roles. These results provide further insight into the mechanisms underlying the establishment of neuronal polarity.Subcellular localization of RNAs and proteins is important for polarized cells such as neurons. Here the authors differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells into neurons, and analyze the local transcriptome, proteome, and translated transcriptome in their cell bodies and neurites, providing a unique resource for future studies on neuronal polarity.

中文翻译：

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RNA定位是富含神经突的蛋白质组的关键决定因素。

蛋白质亚细胞定位对于机体轴的建立，细胞迁移，突触可塑性和其他广泛的生物过程至关重要。蛋白质定位通过三种机制发生：蛋白质转运，mRNA定位和局部翻译。但是，每个过程对神经元极性的相对贡献仍然未知。使用从小鼠胚胎干细胞分化出的神经元，我们分析了分离的细胞体和全神经突中的蛋白质和RNA的表达和翻译率。我们量化7323蛋白和整个转录组，并确定数百个神经突定位蛋白和本地翻译的mRNA。我们的结果表明，mRNA定位是神经突中蛋白质定位的主要机制，可能占神经突定位蛋白质组的一半。此外，我们确定了多个具有潜在调控作用的神经突靶向非编码RNA和RNA结合蛋白。这些结果为深入了解神经元极性建立的机制提供了进一步的认识。RNA和蛋白质的亚细胞定位对于极化细胞（如神经元）很重要。在这里，作者将小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为神经元，并分析了它们在细胞体和神经突中的局部转录组，蛋白质组和翻译的转录组，为以后的神经元极性研究提供了独特的资源。RNA和蛋白质的亚细胞定位对于极化细胞（如神经元）很重要。在这里，作者将小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为神经元，并分析了它们在细胞体和神经突中的局部转录组，蛋白质组和翻译的转录组，为以后的神经元极性研究提供了独特的资源。RNA和蛋白质的亚细胞定位对于极化细胞（如神经元）很重要。在这里，作者将小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为神经元，并分析了它们在细胞体和神经突中的局部转录组，蛋白质组和翻译的转录组，为以后的神经元极性研究提供了独特的资源。