(In + Nb) co-doped TiO₂ (TINO) rutile is an emerging material with a colossal dielectric permittivity (CP) and a low dielectric loss over wide temperature and frequency ranges. The electrical inhomogeneous nature of TINO ceramics is demonstrated by direct local current probing with high-resolution conductive atomic force microscopy (cAFM). The CP response in TINO is found to originate from the electron-pinned defect dipole induced conductive cluster effect and the electrode effect. Two types of dielectric relaxations are simultaneously observed due to these two effects. With the given synthesis condition, we found TINO shows a highly leaky feature that impairs its application as a dielectric material. However, the fast-temperature-rising phenomenon found in this work may open a new door for TINO to be applied as a potential electrothermal material with high efficiency, oxidation-proof, high temperature stability, and energy saving.

中文翻译：

---

（In + Nb）共掺杂的TiO2金红石型陶瓷中巨大电介质响应的起源：一种潜在的电热材料。

（In + Nb）共掺杂TiO ₂（TINO）金红石是一种新兴材料，在宽的温度和频率范围内具有巨大的介电常数（CP）和低介电损耗。通过使用高分辨率导电原子力显微镜（cAFM）进行的直接局部电流探测，证明了TINO陶瓷的电非均质性。发现TINO中的CP响应源自电子固定缺陷偶极子诱导的导电团簇效应和电极效应。由于这两种效应，同时观察到两种类型的介电弛豫。在给定的合成条件下，我们发现TINO表现出高度泄漏的特性，从而削弱了其作为介电材料的应用。但是，这项工作中发现的快速升温现象可能会为TINO用作高效的潜在电热材料打开新的大门，