Unlike for SnO₂, few studies have reported on the use of SnC₂O₄ as an anode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Here, we first introduce a SnC₂O₄-reduced graphene oxide composite produced via hydrothermal reactions followed by a layer-by-layer self-assembly process. The addition of rGO increased the electric conductivity up to ∼10^–3 S cm^–1. As a result, the SnC₂O₄-reduced graphene oxide electrode exhibited a high charge (oxidation) capacity of ∼1166 mAh g^–1 at a current of 100 mA g^–1 (0.1 C-rate) with a good retention delivering approximately 620 mAh g^–1 at the 200th cycle. Even at a rate of 10 C (10 A g^–1), the composite electrode was able to obtain a charge capacity of 467 mAh g^–1. In contrast, the bare SnC₂O₄ had inferior electrochemical properties relative to those of the SnC₂O₄-reduced graphene oxide composite: ∼643 mAh g^–1 at the first charge, retaining 192 mAh g^–1 at the 200th cycle and 289 mAh g^–1 at 10 C. This improvement in electrochemical properties is most likely due to the improvement in electric conductivity, which enables facile electron transfer via simultaneous conversion above 0.75 V and de/alloy reactions below 0.75 V: SnC₂O₄ + 2Li⁺ + 2e^– → Sn + Li₂C₂O₄ + xLi⁺ + xe^– → Li_xSn on discharge (reduction) and vice versa on charge. This was confirmed by systematic studies of ex situ X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopy.

中文翻译：

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草酸锡还原可充电锂电池氧化石墨烯复合阳极的合成及电化学反应

与SnO ₂不同，很少有研究报道将SnC ₂ O ₄用作可再充电锂电池的负极材料。在这里，我们首先介绍通过水热反应，然后进行逐层自组装工艺生产的SnC ₂ O ₄还原氧化石墨烯复合材料。添加rGO可将电导率提高到约10 ^–3 S cm ^–1。结果，在100 mA g ^–1的电流下，SnC ₂ O ₄还原的氧化石墨烯电极显示出约1166 mAh g ^–1的高电荷（氧化）容量。（0.1 C速率）具有良好的保留能力，在第200个周期时可提供大约620 mAh g ^–1。即使在10 C（10 A g ^–1）的速率下，复合电极也能够获得467 mAh g ^–1的充电容量。相比之下，相对于SnC ₂ O ₄还原的氧化石墨烯复合材料，SnC ₂ O ₄裸露的电化学性能较差：第一次充电时约为643 mAh g ^–1，在第200次循环时保持192 mAh g ^–1。 289 mAh g ^–1电化学性能的改善很可能归因于电导率的改善，这可以通过同时转换高于0.75 V和低于0.75 V的脱/合金反应实现便捷的电子转移：SnC ₂ O ₄ + 2Li ⁺ + 2e ^– →锡+栗₂ c ^ ₂ Ò ₄ + X栗⁺ + X ë ^- →锂_X的Sn上放电（还原）和反之亦然的电荷。通过异位X射线衍射，透射电子显微镜和飞行时间二次离子质谱的系统研究证实了这一点。