光电子能谱法测定多种阳离子（Rb +，Cs +，MA +和FA +）钙钛矿材料的化学分布,Chemistry of Materials

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光电子能谱法测定多种阳离子（Rb ⁺，Cs ⁺，MA ⁺和FA ⁺）钙钛矿材料的化学分布
Chemistry of Materials ( IF 7.2 ) Pub Date : 2017-04-05 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00126
Bertrand Philippe ₁ , Michael Saliba ₂ , Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena _{3,

4} , Ute B. Cappel ₁ , Silver-Hamill Turren-Cruz _{3,

5} , Michael Grätzel ₂ , Anders Hagfeldt _{3,

6} , Håkan Rensmo ₁

Affiliation

铅基混合钙钛矿材料在最近几年已经出现，成为有前途的光伏材料。最近，显示出可以通过掺入少量的无机阳离子（Cs ⁺和Rb ⁺），部分替代更常见的有机阳离子（例如，甲基铵，MA和甲酰胺，FA）来实现改善的材料稳定性。特别地，包含Rb ⁺，Cs ⁺，MA ⁺和FA ⁺的混合阳离子组合物最近证明具有良好的光电性能，并且在高温下稳定。这项工作着眼于使用基于同步加速器的光电子光谱法对这种材料的成分进行研究。通过改变X射线源的光子能量，可以考虑不同的探测深度，从而可以深入了解样品表面附近的化学成分和化学分布。分析和比较了含有两个，三个或四个一价阳离子的钙钛矿材料。在样品表面和整个表面都观察到Cs和Rb的存在，我们发现在存在三个或四个阳离子的情况下，未反应的PbI ₂较少保留在样本中。有趣的是，Rb和Cs似乎共同起作用，导致阳离子深度分布与三重对应物不同。我们的研究结果提供了使用阳离子混合的常规方法对钙钛矿材料中复杂的深度相关化学成分的深刻理解。

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Chemical Distribution of Multiple Cation (Rb+, Cs+, MA+, and FA+) Perovskite Materials by Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Lead-based mixed perovskite materials have emerged in the last couple of years as promising photovoltaic materials. Recently, it was shown that improved material stability can be achieved by incorporating small amounts of inorganic cations (Cs⁺ and Rb⁺), partially replacing the more common organic cations (e.g., methylammonium, MA, and formamidinium, FA). Especially, a mixed cation composition containing Rb⁺, Cs⁺, MA⁺, and FA⁺ was recently shown to have beneficial optoelectronic properties and was stable at elevated temperature. This work focuses on the composition of this material using synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy. Different probing depths were considered by changing the photon energy of the X-ray source providing insights on the chemical composition and the chemical distribution near the surface of the samples. Perovskite materials containing two, three, or four monovalent cations were analyzed and compared. The presence of Cs and Rb was observed both at the sample surface and toward the bulk, and we found that in the presence of three or four cations, less unreacted PbI₂ remains in the sample. Interestingly, Rb and Cs appear to act jointly resulting in a different cation depth profile compared to that of the triple counterparts. Our findings provide significant understanding of the intricate depth-dependent chemical composition in perovskite materials using the common practice of cation mixing.

更新日期：2017-04-05

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