The increasing adoption of liquid hydrogen (LH2) as a clean energy carrier presents significant safety challenges, particularly in confined underground spaces like tunnels. LH2′s unique properties, including high energy density and cryogenic temperatures, amplify the risks of leaks and explosions, which can lead to catastrophic overpressures and extreme temperatures. This study addresses these challenges by investigating the diffusion and explosion behaviour of LH2 leaks in tunnels, providing critical insights into disaster prevention and structural resilience for underground infrastructure. Using advanced numerical simulations validated through theoretical calculations and experimental analogies, the study analyses hydrogen diffusion patterns, overpressure dynamics, and thermal impacts following an LH2 tank rupture. Results show that LH2 explosions generate overpressures exceeding 50 bar and temperatures surpassing 2500 °C , far exceeding the hazards posed by gaseous hydrogen leaks. Mitigation measures, such as suction ventilation and high humidity, significantly reduce explosion impacts, underscoring their value for tunnel safety. This research advances understanding of hydrogen safety in confined spaces, demonstrating the importance of integrating mitigation measures into tunnel design. The findings contribute to disaster prevention strategies, offer insights into optimizing safety protocols, and support the development of resilient infrastructure capable of accommodating hydrogen technologies in a rapidly evolving energy landscape.

中文翻译：

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加强隧道的防灾和结构韧性——液氢泄漏、扩散和爆炸缓解研究


液氢 （LH2） 作为清洁能源载体的日益普及带来了重大的安全挑战，尤其是在隧道等狭窄的地下空间。LH2 的独特特性，包括高能量密度和低温，放大了泄漏和爆炸的风险，这可能导致灾难性的超压和极端温度。本研究通过调查 LH2 泄漏在隧道中的扩散和爆炸行为来应对这些挑战，为地下基础设施的灾害预防和结构弹性提供重要见解。该研究使用通过理论计算和实验类比验证的高级数值模拟，分析了 LH2 储罐破裂后的氢扩散模式、超压动力学和热影响。结果表明，LH2 爆炸产生的超压超过 50 bar 和超过 2500 °C 的温度，远远超过气态氢气泄漏造成的危险。吸气通风和高湿度等缓解措施可显著降低爆炸影响，凸显了其对隧道安全的价值。这项研究促进了对密闭空间氢安全的理解，证明了将缓解措施整合到隧道设计中的重要性。这些发现有助于制定灾害预防策略，为优化安全协议提供见解，并支持开发能够在快速发展的能源环境中容纳氢技术的弹性基础设施。