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Optimal energy trading in rural micro-grids with variable ownership of photovoltaics and power stations: A Stackelberg game approach
Energy and Buildings ( IF 6.6 ) Pub Date : 2025-01-16 , DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115338
Ding Gao, Guanqiong Wei, Yuan Zhi, Xudong Yang

China’s over-reliance on fossil fuel for rural energy use leads to significant health and environmental problems. Establishing rooftop photovoltaic-based rural micro-grids energy system is an effective way to reduce both pollutant and carbon emissions from rural energy use. However, the complex operational strategy and variable ownership of rural micro-grids make it challenging to motivate farmers to participate in micro-grid scheduling and realize a reasonable distribution of benefits. Here we propose a Stackelberg game-theoretic framework for the one-to-many leader–follower competitive cooperative relationship between power stations and farmer households in rural micro-grids. The objective function is then solved based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker condition and dyadic transformation to obtain the micro-grid trading strategy at the Nash equilibrium point. The results show that the dynamic tariff mechanism enhances the smoothness of the interaction of the rural micro-grids with the main grid 5 times higher compared to the results obtained with fixed tariff scenarios. The annual revenue of the rural micro-grid also increases in the dynamic tariff scenario, while realizing a reasonable distribution of benefits among different ownership types within the micro-grid. This study provides a theoretical basis for trading strategies while improving the investment attractiveness of rural PV microgrid systems.
更新日期:2025-01-16
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