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Evidence for discrete ochre exploitation 35,000 years ago in West Africa
Journal of Archaeological Science ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106150
Laure Dayet, María Lorenzo Martínez, Katja Douze, Matar Ndiaye, Chantal Tribolo, Michel Rasse, Laurent Lespez, François-Xavier Le Bourdonnec, Viola C. Schmid, Sarah Davidoux, Brice Lebrun, Benoît Chevrier, Charlotte Pruvost, Eric Huysecom
Journal of Archaeological Science ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106150
Laure Dayet, María Lorenzo Martínez, Katja Douze, Matar Ndiaye, Chantal Tribolo, Michel Rasse, Laurent Lespez, François-Xavier Le Bourdonnec, Viola C. Schmid, Sarah Davidoux, Brice Lebrun, Benoît Chevrier, Charlotte Pruvost, Eric Huysecom
Despite new impetus for Late Pleistocene research in West Africa, little is known about the range of Middle Stone Age behaviours in this region. Yet, the multiplicity of Middle Stone Age lithic technologies testifies to significant behavioural and demographic dynamics, marked by innovation and adaptability. Here, we present the first in-depth analysis of ochre remains in West Africa. New data from Toumboura III site, eastern Senegal, dated between 40 ± 3 and 30 ± 3 ka, point towards the use of ochre pieces as part of an occasional and specialized ochre crushing activity, probably dedicated to the production of powders, as well as the use of ochre sticks. Ochre pieces were studied at both macro and microscopic levels and while some of this iron-rich material likely accumulated in the deposits without anthropogenic intervention, another significant set of ochre pieces was found that was likely processed in situ . The impact scars on the pieces are not as striking as grinding traces for evidencing human exploitation. Nonetheless, they cannot be explained by natural phenomena. These remains could represent the earliest known evidence of ochre exploitation in Senegal. They potentially open new perspectives on symbolic behaviours in the Middle Stone Age of West Africa. They show that the full range of human behaviours in this region is yet far from being captured.
中文翻译:
35,000 年前西非离散赭石开采的证据
尽管西非晚更新世研究有了新的动力,但人们对该地区中石器时代的行为范围知之甚少。然而,中石器时代石器技术的多样性证明了重要的行为和人口动态,以创新和适应性为标志。在这里,我们首次对西非的赭石遗骸进行了深入分析。来自塞内加尔东部 Toumboura III 遗址的新数据,日期为 40 ± 3 至 30 ± 3 ka,表明使用赭石块作为偶尔和专门的赭石粉碎活动的一部分,可能专门用于生产粉末,以及使用赭石棒。在宏观和微观层面上对赭石碎片进行了研究,虽然其中一些富含铁的物质可能在没有人为干预的情况下积累在矿床中,但发现了另一组重要的赭石碎片,它们可能是在原地加工的。作品上的撞击疤痕并不像研磨痕迹那样引人注目,以证明人类的剥削。尽管如此,它们不能用自然现象来解释。这些遗骸可能是塞内加尔已知最早的赭石开采证据。它们可能为西非中石器时代的象征行为开辟新的视角。它们表明,该地区的所有人类行为还远未被捕捉到。
更新日期:2025-01-15
中文翻译:
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35,000 年前西非离散赭石开采的证据
尽管西非晚更新世研究有了新的动力,但人们对该地区中石器时代的行为范围知之甚少。然而,中石器时代石器技术的多样性证明了重要的行为和人口动态,以创新和适应性为标志。在这里,我们首次对西非的赭石遗骸进行了深入分析。来自塞内加尔东部 Toumboura III 遗址的新数据,日期为 40 ± 3 至 30 ± 3 ka,表明使用赭石块作为偶尔和专门的赭石粉碎活动的一部分,可能专门用于生产粉末,以及使用赭石棒。在宏观和微观层面上对赭石碎片进行了研究,虽然其中一些富含铁的物质可能在没有人为干预的情况下积累在矿床中,但发现了另一组重要的赭石碎片,它们可能是在原地加工的。作品上的撞击疤痕并不像研磨痕迹那样引人注目,以证明人类的剥削。尽管如此,它们不能用自然现象来解释。这些遗骸可能是塞内加尔已知最早的赭石开采证据。它们可能为西非中石器时代的象征行为开辟新的视角。它们表明,该地区的所有人类行为还远未被捕捉到。