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Different fates between extracellular and intracellular antimicrobial resistome in full-scale activated sludge and membrane bioreactor processes
Water Research ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2025-01-16 , DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.123155
Mardalisa, Rongxuan Wang, Muhammad Adnan Sabar, Norihisa Matsuura, Hiroe Hara-Yamamura, Ryo Honda

Treated effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major sources of extracellular antimicrobial resistance genes (eARGs) into aquatic environments. This study aimed to clarify the fate and origins of eARGs from influent to treated effluent at a full-scale WWTP. The compositions of eARG and intracellular ARG (iARG) were acquired via shotgun metagenomic sequencing in influent wastewater, activated sludge, and treated effluent of the target WWTP, where identical wastewater was treated by conventional activated sludge (CAS) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) processes. The proportion of eARGs to iARGs increased from influent to effluent in both processes, reaching almost half of the total ARG. Most eARGs in influent were associated with clinically important antimicrobials, whereas eARGs in sludge and effluent were dominated by aminoglycoside resistance genes of aadA and APH variants. Although the eARGs composition in influent wastewater mirrored that of iARGs, a substantial shift occurred in activated sludge and effluent, highlighting the presence of distinct dissemination and reduction mechanisms between eARGs and iARGs. Notably, the origin of eARGs in treated effluent was mainly iARGs in the effluent rather than the carryover of eARG from activated sludge, which were substantially reduced in MBR, compared to CAS. Consequently, these differences in selective mechanisms led to different fates between eARG and iARG during wastewater treatment.

中文翻译:


全尺寸活性污泥和膜生物反应器工艺中细胞外和细胞内抗菌耐药组的不同命运



废水处理厂 (WWTP) 处理后的污水是细胞外抗菌素耐药基因 (eARG) 进入水生环境的主要来源。本研究旨在阐明 eARG 在全尺寸 WWTP 中从进水到处理出水的命运和来源。通过鸟枪法宏基因组测序获得目标污水处理厂进水废水、活性污泥和处理过的污水中 eARG 和细胞内 ARG (iARG) 的组成,其中相同的废水通过常规活性污泥 (CAS) 和膜生物反应器 (MBR) 工艺处理。在这两个过程中,eARG 与 iARGs 的比例从进水到出水都增加了,几乎达到了总 ARG 的一半。进水中的大多数 eARGs 与临床上重要的抗菌剂相关,而污泥和出水中的 eARGs 由 aadA 和 APH 变体的氨基糖苷类耐药基因主导。尽管进水废水中的 eARGs 组成与 iARGs 相同,但活性污泥和流出物发生了重大变化,突出了 eARGs 和 iARGs 之间存在不同的传播和减少机制。值得注意的是,处理过的污水中 eARGs 的来源主要是污水中的 iARG,而不是活性污泥中 eARG 的残留,与 CAS 相比,活性污泥中的 eARG 显着减少。因此,这些选择性机制的差异导致废水处理过程中 eARG 和 iARG 的命运不同。
更新日期:2025-01-16
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